Cooper and Chapleau: Monophyly and intrarelationships of the family Pleuronectidae 
725 
70 Shape of teeth (Norman, 1934). 4 states, ordered 
6 steps, cci=0.50: sharply pointed (state 0, Fig. 
9, A and B). Bluntly conical or with truncated 
tips (state 1, Fig. 9C). Incisorlike (state 2, Fig. 
9D). Molariform (state 3). 
71 Shape of fifth ceratobranchial. 3 states, ordered 
5 steps, cci=0.40: straight “rod” shaped (state 0, 
Fig. 3, A and B). Slight curve on medial margin 
found in Limanda, Parophrys, Psettichthys, 
Isopsetta etc. (state 1, Fig. 30. Strong curve on 
medial margin, the ceratobranchials forming or 
almost forming a triangular plate found in 
Pleuronectes and Platichthys (state 2, Fig. 3D). 
72 Dentition profile on fifth ceratobranchial. 3 
states, ordered, 6 steps, cci=0.33: pointed (state 
0, Fig. 3, A and B). Bluntly pointed (state 1, Fig. 
30. Rounded or molariform (state 2, Fig. 3D). 
73 Structure of haemal spines in anteriormost cau- 
dal vertebrae. 2 states, 6 steps, cci=0.17: broadly 
attached both anteriorly and posteriorly to cen- 
trum, lateral foramen in haemal arch present 
(state 0, Fig. 5B). Narrow at base, attached an- 
teriorly to centrum, lateral foramen in haemal 
arch absent (state 1, Fig. 5, A and C). 
74 Structure of epiotics (Sakamoto, 1984a). 2 states, 
2 steps, cci=0.50: epiotics not joined to each other 
along dorsal posterior margin of skull (state 0). 
Epiotics joined (state 1), only observed in 
Isopsetta isolepis, Microstomus pacificus. 
75 Egg type (Hensley and Ahlstrom, 1984). 2 states, 
2 steps, cci=0.50: pelagic egg (state 0). Demer- 
sal egg (state 1). 
76 Thickened lips (Norman, 1934). 2 states, 2 steps, 
cci=0.50: absent, thin lips (state 0), present, lips 
thickened (state D.Taxa in Pleuronectini are also 
described as having thickened lips (Norman, 1934) 
but this is not as evident as in Microstomini. 
77 Structure of exoccipital and prootic. 2 states, 2 
steps, cci=0.50: exoccipital and prootic joined 
(state 0, Fig. 7B). Exoccipital and prootic not 
joined (state 1, Fig. 7, A and C). 
78 Postocular ridge on ocular side (Norman, 1934). 
2 states, 2 steps, cci=0.50: absent (state 0), 
present (state 1). 
79 Villiform teeth (Norman, 1934). 2 states, 1 step, 
cci=1.00: absent (state 0), present (state 1). 
80 Foramen in blind-side prefrontal. 2 states, 2 
steps, cci=0.50: absent (state 0), present (state 
1 ). 
81 Lateral process on ocular-side frontal. 2 states, 
3 steps, cci=0.33: absent (state 0, Fig. 7, A and 
C, Fig. 10, A, B, D, and E), present (state 1, Fig. 
7B, Fig. IOC). 
82 Decrease in the number of caudal vertebrae. 2 
states, 3 steps, cci=0.33: counts for Pleuro- 
nectidae taken from Sakamoto ( 1984a, Table 13). 
Greater than 25 (state 0). Less than or equal to 
25 (state 1). The polarity established for this 
character is an exception to the general outgroup 
comparison methodology. It is apparent that a 
caudal vertebrae count between 25 and 35 is 
plesiomorphic for Pleuronectidae and for many 
taxa within the bothoid lineage. Despite the 
heterogeneity in Citharichthys arenaceus and 
less than 25 vertebrae observed in Lepido- 
blepharon ophthalmolepis and Psettodes sp.; the 
reduction of caudal vertebrae observed within 
Pleuronectidae is considered a derived charac- 
ter state. 
83 Pterosphenoid on ocular side . 2 states, 2 steps, 
cci=0.50: pterosphenoid reduced, frontal and 
parasphenoid join to form posterior margin of 
orbit (state 0, Fig. 7B). Pterosphenoid large and 
forms posterior margin of orbit (state 1, Fig. 7, 
A and C). 
84 Position and origin of dorsal fin (Norman, 1934; 
Sakamoto, 1984a). 2 states, 1 step, cci=1.00: 
originating nearly on the median line of head, 
ancestral (state 0). Originating on blind side 
(state 1). 
85 Cartilagenous interspace between blind-side pre- 
frontal and parasphenoid. 2 states, 1 step, 
cci=1.00: present (state 0, Fig. 7, A and C), re- 
duced or absent (state 1, Fig. 7B). 
86 Mesethmoid in relation to upper orbit (Sakamoto, 
1984a). 3 states, ordered, 3 steps, cci=1.00: com- 
pletely forms anterior margin of orbit (state 0). 
Forms only part of anterior margin in orbit (state 
1). Does not form part of orbit (state 2). 
87 Extension of intestine into body cavity (Saka- 
moto, 1984a). 2 states, 1 step, cci=1.00: absent 
(state 0), presence (state 1). 
88 Number of caudal- fin rays. 5 states, ordered, 7 
steps, cci=0.57: the number of caudal-fin rays was 
taken as the modal value for counts in Sakamoto 
(1984a, Table 18). 18 or 19 (state 0), 20 (state 1), 
21 (state 2), 22 (state 3), 23 (state 4). 
89 Degree of caudal-fin ray branching. 3 states, un- 
ordered, 8 steps, cci=0.25: expressed as the num- 
ber of caudal-fin rays minus the number of 
branched caudal-fin rays. Six unbranched rays 
(state 0). Less than 6 unbranched rays (state 1). 
Greater than 6 unbranched rays (state 2). 
90 Position of ventral anterior tip of pelvis of ocu- 
lar side in relation to cleithra (Sakamoto, 1984a). 
2 states, 1 step, cci=1.00: pelvis posterior to 
cleithrum ancestral (state 0), observed in ma- 
jority of outgroup as well as Pleuronectidae . 
Pelvis anterior to cleithrum autapomorphy for 
Microstomus bathybius (state 1). 
