Jackson and Wadley. Age, growth, and reproduction of Nototodarus hawaiiensis 
783 
to body size than to age, suggesting that there is a 
minimal physical or physiological size threshold to 
be reached before maturity can take place, regard- 
less of age. This pattern has also been found in shal- 
low-water Photololigo sp. (referred to as Loligo 
chinensis in Jackson, 1993a) and Lolliguncula brevis 
(Jackson et al., 1997), as well as in males of the 
deepwater onychoteuthid Moroteuthis ingens (Jack- 
son, 1997). Guerra and Castro (1994) found that fe- 
male reproductive organs of Loligo gahi generally 
required a minimum body size before increasing sub- 
stantially in size. Such a trend may be a common 
90 
A :• 
80 
• • 
70 
V. • 
60 
•• • 
50 - 
•o o 
40 - 
• 
o 
30 - 
o 
20 - 
0 
0 
o° 
o 
E 
e, io - 
XI 
□> 0 - 
c u 
— 0 50 100 150 200 250 
c 
Mantle length (mm) 
CD 
03 
•£ 90-i 
a> 
E 
B 
nj 80 ■ 
• 
• 
70 • 
• 
• 
60 - 
*o 
- 
• 
50 - 
• 
o 
40 - 
30 - 
o 
o 
20 - 
o 
10 - 
P) O 
o 
0 - 
C 
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 
Increment number 
Figure 5 
The relation between (A) mantle length and nidamental 
gland length and (B) increment number and nidamental 
gland length for Nototodarus hawaiiensis. Filled circles 
represent mature individuals; hollow circles represent 
immature individuals. 
strategy in squids. Illex argentinus in the South At- 
lantic (Rodhouse and Hatfield, 1990) likewise shows 
considerable variability in the timing of maturation 
in relation to age. Rodhouse and Hatfield ( 1990) pos- 
tulated that for I. argentinus, maturity and gonad 
growth does not occur at the expense of somatic 
growth. This also appears to be the case for N. 
hawaiiensis. However, this pattern of maturation 
contrasts with the deepwater onychoteuthid squid 
Moroteuthis ingens, which undergoes degradation of 
somatic tissues with maturation (Jackson and 
Mladenov, 1994). 
Size of the nidamental gland relative to body length 
in N. hawaiiensis appears to be a useful indication 
of female maturity because growth of this organ is 
closely associated with growth of the ovary (Ikeda et 
al., 1991, Collins et al., 1995). Uozumi et al. (1995) 
found a close association in growth of the nidamental 
gland and ovary size and ovulation in the closely re- 
lated Nototodarus sloanii and N. gouldi in New 
Zealand. 
Hatching 
Ageing data suggest that some ommastrephids have 
extended spawning periods (e.g. Illex argentinus, 
Arkhipkin, 1993; Todarodes paeificus, Nakamura and 
Sakurai, 1993; Todarodes sagittatus, Nototodarus 
sloanii, Uozumi and Ohara, 1993; Ommastrephes 
bartramii. Bower, 1996). Other ommastrephids, such 
as Illex illecebrosus, which hatches predominantly 
in spring (Dawe and Beck, 1997), appear to have 
peaks of spawning. In some instances, spawning 
peaks may be regionally influenced; Martialia 
hyadesi captured on the Patagonian Shelf Edge had 
Ju! Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 
Month 
Figure 6 
The hatching-date distribution of all individuals (n=4'2) of 
Nototodarus hawaiiensis aged in this study. 
