of graminivorous and carnivorous Animals . 177 
containing sand, and having the same relative situation to the 
oesophagus and duodenum. The food of this animal is no 11 
known ; it is probably of both kinds ; the papillae at the 
pylorus, which appear to be the excretory ducts of glands, are 
peculiar to it. 
The stomachs of birds of prey are formed upon the same 
principle as those of carnivorous quadrupeds, but their cavity 
is more a continuation of the oesophagus, and the solvent 
glands are more conspicuous and numerous. Both these dif- 
ferences may be accounted for from their swallowing their 
prey whole, or nearly so ; which requires a more direct 
passage into the stomach, and a greater quantity of secretion 
from the solvent glands, than when the food has undergone 
mastication. The cardiac portion of these stomachs is very dis- 
tinct from the pyloric. 
In snakes, turtles, and fishes, the stomachs have the same 
characters as in birds of prey, but the cardiac and pyloric 
portions are still more distinct from each other, and the solvent 
glands are in general distributed over a larger surface of the 
cardiac portion. 
From the series of facts and observations which have been 
adduced, the following conclusions may be drawn. 
That the solvent liquor is secreted from glands of a some- 
what similar structure in all animals, but much larger and 
more conspicuous in some than others. 
That these glands are always situated near the orifice of 
the cavity whose contents are exposed to their secretion. 
That the viscid substance found on the internal membrane, 
of all the stomachs that were examined recently after death, 
is reduced to that state by a secretion from the whole surface 
