HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 
contributed an exhaustive account of the very rich Rose flora of 
Central Europe. Other recent monographs are Christs on the 
Swiss (1873) an d Borbas’ on the Hungarian Roses (1880). The 
Floras of Sturm (1798-1855), Gaudin (1828-33), Reichenbach 
(1830-33), Koch (1836-45), Garcke (1849), Gremli (1874), and 
Schinz and Keller (1900) should also be consulted, as well as the 
writings of Crepin and Deseglise. 
Italy. — The best account of the Roses of Northern Italy is in 
Burnat’ s Flore des Alpes Maritimes (vol. iii. 1899), and in Burnat 
& Gremli s Roses de /’ Italie (1886). For some forty years 
M. Emile Burnat has devoted his summers to the study of the Roses 
of Italy in their several localities, and his trustworthy statements of 
verified facts are of outstanding excellence. The Floras of Allioni 
(1785), Bellardi ( 1 792), Savi (1818-24), Bertoloni (1842), Parlatore 
(1848-75), Arcangeli (1882), and Gussone (1827, 1842), all include 
Roses. 
European Russia. — Besser published ( Emimeratio plantarum 
hucusquein Volhynia , Podolia, et circa Odessam collectarum ) several new 
species from Volhynia and Podolia (1822). The Flora of Fedebour 
(1842-53) contains a good account of the Roses of European Russia, 
Algeria. — Battandier & Trabut’s Flora of Algeria contains a 
monograph by Cr6pin of the native species. They all are the same 
as the European species. 
Orient, with Turkey and Greece. — In Boissier’s Flora 
Orientalis there are two accounts of the oriental Roses, one by 
Crepin in vol. ii. (1872), and a later very good one by Dr. Christ in 
the Supplement (1888). The principal local books are Grisebach’s 
Flora of Roumelia (1843-5), Post’s Flora of Syria and Palestine 
(1896), and Halacsy’s recent Flora of Greece (1901-8). 
Siberia and Central Asia. — Crepin’s synopsis of the Asiatic 
Roses will be found in vol. xiv. of the Bulletin de la Societe Royale 
de Botanique de Belgique (1875) and is reprinted in Part III. of his 
Primitiae . The local Floras to be consulted are those of Bieberstein 
(1808-19), Ledebour (1829-34), and Turczaninow (1842-56). 
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