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An undated male on hie territory gives ala ram or aggressive 
calls to intruders but he also may react with calls which seem 
to be typical for pairing behaviour, i.e. non-aggressive. 
As I have written you previously the unmated male silent in his 
territory reacts to a flying bird by calling the Icy 2 at it from 
a posture difficult to characterise which I have called the Slant. 
This is indis tinguishable from a hostile reaction but from the 
slant he frequently adopts the^Jpent posture with the ky3 call, 
the growly Soft Call males in fact who seem to be in 
a. receptive mood for females start by a version of the bent 
and soft call to all intruders, even to other males. If a 
female lands {which she does silently; there is no 1 sanding call) 
the male may parade in the bent posture round her a little, 
perhaps continuing the soft call but sooner or later he adopts 
the stretch, which is silent. The female has probably been in 
the stretch all tae time. If the male resumes the bent 
or walks towards a scrape to perform there he starts the soft 
call again. The female may follow him and may call when she 
scrapes. I have described the "successful" meeting of a 
pair. Often neither male nor female is so willing and 
both seem rather frightened of the other and the male often 
somewaht aggressive too. In this case both birds may adopt 
the slant or may make the bowing or scooping movement, both 
of which pos .Abilities will be accompanied by the ky2 call. 
Brooding birds react to intruders at first by the keeyalr or 
jik and if the other approaches closer by ky2 or tikitik. 
SiEiisxwhsxhaxsx M two birds both have strong territorial 
rights, a situation which doesn" t^ develop until the eggs have 
been laid ( as a ruls J. both may adopt the Crouch towards one another # 
with the bill pointing slightly downwards, neck short, body often 
somewhat tilted forward. This posture may be accompanied by 
a twittering of the beak, apparently , ahxwXHg when I have been 
able to hear it, produced by the Soft Gall (which is in other 
situations friendly). 
Nov/ I am exhausted and you must tell me if there are 
further special points which need explaining. 
You ask for a name for the G-oethes tel lung. Goethe 
talked about it at the conference where he called it Herabs tarren, 
which was translated as Staring Down, which seems a good enough 
name. My birds do it too but I haven’t been able to do 
anything with it as it seems to be the Intention movement of 
everything possible ; xiHBiudiHg in the gulls 
it may lead to pecking at the ground, picking up nest material 
sitting dow, choking, pecking at the feet, bill cleaning and 
what have you I 
I have written about the" pos tural facilitation" of 
displacement and other activities in my conference report. 
I was interested to hear of your many examples from the gulls. 
I was really concerned to show that not only may influences froip 
