I may mention here that Oesnian tern also has a similar pointing 
down movement, Beggman's aggressive intention oow, out I do not know 
lor cert in if 1 ever saw .the movement on the film. As he describes it 
there it do s not seem 
the fixating ol the ground whiia 
follows gekk ering in the Sandwich tern. 
There is nothin,- which the Sandwich tern shows on theground 
- hich is clearly the Beugestellung of the Gouhj on t na Arctic (although 
there is an aerif 1 Beugestellung). Trier- is howver a posture whose 
Ch tksc. I W 
*a, ttr 
horcologue is unknown in tjMon end Arctic in which 
the neck is stretched up and the oill pointed more 
or less vertically downwards. The two mates (but 
apparently not rivals) a eroach one another in. this way 
and almost push their lorehe£ds together, efch\ 
of them adopting this posture. The behaviour ie 
often followed by scraping, frothing ifi known . , jl 
of the Botlra or function of - posture. (« »* 
The Reckstellung seems to be the one redeeming display which 
all the terns have though in the black tern and Gsspian it seems 
sometimes t.- be accomoaniea by a call. in this pos It tiff ?&il species 
seem to make some kind of movement; Arctic end oom. on tilt their betas 
on one side, Sandwich and Caspian rotate the head to and fro, wh — ile 
the Black tern turns its head from sice. to side in what seems to be 
r way, only in the Little tern has sment been noticed. 
e \ 
The S/Tern’s ceric 1 display was described oy Bol. it is leso 
ritutlised than in Arctic ana oom on (i have seen it mys.il anu can 
corrobort t e this). Apparently the fish may be exchanged ©ho or more 
times in the air 1 1 haven’t seen this myself. ^Ithou-h the u is play 
is 1 e s o ritualised I gather a there was no indication that itxKacsx its 
motivation was clearer. 
Kooth told something about the Litt e Tern but I uorr t think he said 
very much more then three years ago, though i to not at she moment have 
my notes by me from then. I is talk was rather side tracked by a 
ion, diacus&ion about vine Liter he was justified in concluding that 
the erection ol the tail was a measure of a fc ressiveness. 
The lit la tern se-ms to have a very peculiar feature cc otely 
lack# ng in the other sop. This is & curious swinging oi theheacs. 
from siae to s de by the male in pre— cop. Thiu is as aoout as odd 
as the kittiwake's kek display. « dfl. lr< ** <tu' sp. M* v 
in the aerial display both t stretch roles occur and on 
the ground the stretch is cle? rly like theother terns, however the 
bent, the Beugestellung, is much moi'6 bunched up than the ooauon and 
Arctic and instead looks more like the analogous (ana I oeLfeve 
homologous ) tic y of the Black tern n the Xy H,T\ 
mates come together. This has been called > s 
Stooping in the black tern. 
In "pure attack” the little tern points his bill well oelow the 
horizontal end runs at the intruder without any c* li, but v ith the 
tail raised. Is this pointing do n oi the oill the same as I mentioned 
in connection with the downward fixation of the Sandwich ana th* oowing 
oi the ? 
