- 11 
®ay be precipitated into actual attack or flteing* Apart from 
the tendencies to attack and escape one see* little sign of 
other ten dan cl® a ©o»«on to all the situation© wh-r« the postures 
oocur 10 that on© tPl<M*r these two conflicting tendencies 
no ©art sssaunt fop the observed bahav lour* in tha first laee 
on® ooo a that a posturing bird nay walk a few a taps towards, than 
a few staos away fron it# op. sonant so that it as was id# 
credo® lusting tendency ©an change quickly from approach to 
aaospa* But much of the tin© th© bird is ©on taut to st nd still 
albeit with sl«n» of excitement so that ona might expect that 
aggro© elyana s » and fear ar© active sieul tenuously* Fro© a 
study of other spool** it ©earns possible that tba particular 
posture used da ponds on th^jtran#?th of ih ?»« two t-endenciaa. 
Lat us eonsidsr the tams^pSs turaa In da t 
i. " 
Thar© ara three postures which I c# 11 th© Crouch, Bowing 
and tha Blsnt, Mon# of them teen* to have been dasorihed . 
before . Any of than way ha followed by attse 1 or escape so 
that on© could at best sxpset to find quantitative difference* 
batwaan tha a* In tha crouch , tha rarest of te threw, th# 
whole body Is tilted forwards, tha beak refits downward© and th© 
nao> ie withdraw. It becomes eosaon only after tha 
9 m.» era It id when neighbour® meet on# ©nether on their territorial 
boundaries . r *rlor to eqg-U-ying tha bound# r la* ara ®ora fluid 
because it is rare that ©11 th# neighbours of out «ir art pres ant 
at the asm# tin©. Tha crouch also occurs after tha y oung hatch 
when they bastin' to wander outside their own territories end 
through those of \tfceir neighbours* Tha parents fol v than sad 
bitterly racist ©tta^'t© by tha owners of the territories to 
drive out their young. The crouch seam® to occur only when 
both opponent* ara thoroughly aggressive snl yet do not dsrs 
to Attach in the face of the thras toning aspect of the other. 
Sonatinas such threatening bouts last for a couple of uinutas 
with th# birds practically sotionlsse fan enormously long span 
for a tarn to remain inactive) and than *. slight turning away 
by on# bird or th# uttering of an alar® call ©ay precipitate 
a viol ant attack on it* ' 
The Slant fend Bowing also renal intruder® but there le 
far leas tenseness in these situations and when they do ie&d 
to attacks. Jtn© onset is less furious. For these reasons X 
t I f- thatbbhese. two ©stur©s each *f © ti ancles, to attaok 
and to ©soap©, alee lass strong than wu».:i crouch occurs. It 
fits wall with this that tha orientation of th© o 'orients is tar 
less precisely directed towards on# another in the slant and 
bowing than In tha crouch. 
In order to distinguish batwaan tha slant and tha bowing 
triad to find if on# led to attaok sore fra piently than tha 
ther. Whan a young tarns ar ra than s weak or so old, 
the adults leave thea alone for long periods while tha fetch food. 
In their absence it frequently hi it an intruder, adult 
