I 
- 12 - 
or chick, wanders oloa« to the unguarded chi ok. When the n&r^n 
return* it nnm 1 ly feeds tho chi ok first an . tn n thr atens 
ana even stuck* ' trespasser. The following t.bl- a 1 that 
th® attack In store likely to fillet the si* nt than the bowing. 
t 
Throat posture 
51' Tit Bowing ItsKow) y« no«4 
el tUr tt-Kxjf p^stvfC ^x4 
"2? 3 c-r ^tccl *«/T >&*.</ fb A(t»U< 
24 51 
Fro ® **»*• bne C* n only conclude eoaethins * \y>n t the relative 
balance between attack and eeofi ve, n nely the t the attack 
tendency la relatively stronger in the el, it lh < in the 
bo ^in#?. 
Led tni Attack 
No attack 
•*® ’® a tudy off 8019 41 Lays it has be ■ ti f nun 'oosibic 
to analyte two alter* ting cor ,-t identify 
the two postures which ai torn® to. The bowing looks like 
n movoaent which could be studded in this w*y aul I found 
th»t of the two >©s tores , r - ■,? iase of • bowin'- 1 aeeoed 
to be Identical with the slant. The lower one I fallal t » 
identify but it sessse-d elgnif leant tv t in it the black cap 
*®* directed towards the opponent Just &$ occurred in the crouch. 
Thla will bo his ousted later* If the bowing i ■■*>’.< lively 
leno regressive than the slant, &n X concluded frow r,y ©cunts, 
an? is in f&ot an vernation of the slant wi th some other pasture, 
thi ? «ugge e t .i ttv t the undiscovered posture la oven less relatively 
sggreeelve then the bowing. Thus although T. could not discover 
the actual posture in the Arctic tern, one cen already say 
somethin* about it which tay held in finding H in another species 
where it, way still occur. 
Tire re is yet sneiisr posture which xmj occur in a territorial 
encounter, the stretch. It does not precede attacks < though I 
have seer this once or twice) but scene rather to be an expression 
of fur* r exav Le a sale nay alight by accident Just utside 
hla territory In that of a neighbour who rtonoe prepares for 
attac v . The alighting bird stakes for hi o own territory 
adopting t ■ ■ stretch posture until h# is safely t < *e danger. 
As hr rond cast he shows no inclination to att’ol th* owner but 
rssther the opposite. If the owner wa v es a sudden aovarent 
towards hi» he s tartn away and the stretch roe. ture ir exaggerated. 
the other hand a bird which is merely frightened, for ins tana# 
at a human intruder or a rabbit or even another t« rn , do -g not 
ddoct the stretch but the usual alarm posture with the bill 
horizontal and nae v wtretohod. One nu e t therefore soak oone 
other feature which I t coseen to all the situ# tieme where the 
stretch occurs but which is absent when the fleer* nature occurs. 
This cenron factor scons to b© that the tern la (slope to the 
object which 1« frighten wing It. This vmy be booauoe, ao in 
the example cited, the bird ha a to as a close to anothir in 
order to reach hie territory; it may be beoauae it nas to a proaeh 
