244 
Fishery Bulletin 106(3) 
skate (spiny rasp skate) Okamejei kenojei. In Elas- 
mobranch biodiversity, conservation and management, 
p. 236-240. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species 
Survival Commission 25. 
Knight, D. P., D. Feng, and M. Stewart. 
1996. Structure and function of the Salachian egg 
case. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 
71:81-111. 
Kotwicki, S., and K. L. Weinberg. 
2005. Estimating capture probability of a survey bottom 
trawl for Bering Sea skates (Bathyraja spp.) and other 
fish. Alaska Fish. Res. Bull. 11(2):135— 145. 
Kotwicki, S., T. W. Buckley, T. Honkalehto, and G. Walters. 
2005. Variation in the distribution of walleye pol- 
lock (Theragra chalcogramma ) with temperature 
and implications for seasonal migration. Fish. Bull. 
103:574-587. 
Lang, G. M., P. A. Livingston, and K. A. Dodd. 
2005. Groundfish food habits and predation on commer- 
cially important prey species in the eastern Bering Sea 
from 1997 through 2001. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA 
Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-158, 230 p. 
Lauth, R. R., and E. Acuna. 
2007. Results of the 2006 eastern Bering Sea continental 
shelf bottom trawl survey of groundfish and inverte- 
brates resources. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. 
Memo. NMFS-AFSC-176, 175 p. 
Libby, E. L„ and P. W. Gilbert. 
1960. Reproduction in the clear-nosed skate, Raja 
eglanteria. Anat. Rec. 138(3):365. 
Luchin, V. A., V. A. Menovshchikov, V. M. Lavrentiev, and R. K. 
Reed. 
1999. Thermohaline structure and water masses in the 
Bering Sea. In Dynamics of the Bering Sea (T. R. 
Loughlin, and K. Ohtani, eds.), p. 61-91. Univ. Alaska 
Sea Grant Rep. AK-SG-99-03, Fairbanks, AK. 
Luer, C. A., and P. W. Gilbert. 
1985. Mating behavior, egg deposition, incubation 
period, and hatching in the clearnose skate. Raja 
eglanteria. Environ. Biol. Fish. 13:161-171. 
Luer, C. A., C. J. Walsh, A. B. Bodine, and J. T. Wyffels. 
2007. Normal embryonic development in the clearnose 
skate, Raja eglanteria , with experimental observa- 
tions on artificial insemination. Environ. Biol. Fish. 
80:239-255. 
Matta, M. E. 
2006. Aspects of the life history of the Alaska skate, 
Bathyraja parmifera, in the eastern Bering Sea. M.S. 
thesis, 86 p. Univ. Washington, Seattle, WA. 
Matta, M. E., and D. R. Gunderson. 
2007. Age, growth, maturity, and mortality of the Alaska 
skate, Bathyraja parmifera, in the eastern Bering 
Sea. Environ. Biol. Fish. 80:309-323. 
Musick, J. A., G. Burgess, G. Cailliet, M. Camhi, and S. 
Fordham. 
2000. Management of sharks and their relatives 
(Elasmobranchii). Fisheries 25(3):9-13. 
Pavlov, V. K., and P. V. Pavlov. 
1996. Oceanographic description of the Bering Sea. 
In Ecology of the Bering Sea: A review of Russian 
Literature (O. A. Mathisen, and K. O. Coyle, eds.), p. 
1-96. Univ. of Alaska Sea Grant Rep. AK-SG-96-01, 
Fairbanks, AK. 
Perkins, F. E. 
1965. Incubation of fall-spawned eggs of the little skate, 
Raja erinacea (Mitchill). Copeia 1965:114-115. 
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 
1997. Animal physiology: adaptation and environment, 5 th 
ed., 612 p. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, LT.K. 
Shi, Y., D. R. Gunderson, and P. J. Sullivan. 
1996. Growth and survival of 0+ English sole, Pleuro- 
nectes vetulus, in estuaries and adjacentnearshore waters 
off Washington. Fish. Bull. 95:161-173. 
Stabeno, P. J., J. D. Schumacher, and K. Ohtani. 
1999. The physical oceanography of the Bering Sea. 
In Dynamics of the Bering Sea (T. R Loughlin, and 
K. Ohtani, eds.), p.1-28. Univ. Alaska Sea Grant Rep. 
AK-SG-99-03, Fairbanks, AK. 
Steele, S. L., P. H. Yancey, and P. A. Wright. 
2004. Dogmas and controversies in the handling of nitrog- 
enous wastes: osmoregulation during early embryonic 
development in the marine little skate Raja erinacea ; 
response to changes in external salinity. J. Exp. Biol. 
207:2021-2031. 
Stevens, J. D., R. Bonfil, N. K. Dulvy, and P. A. Walker. 
2000. The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimae- 
ras (chondricthyans), and the implications for marine 
ecosystems. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57:476-494. 
Stevenson, D. E., J. W. Orr, G. R. Hoff, and J. D. McEachran. 
2007. Emerging patterns of species richness, diversity, 
population density, and distribution in the skates (Raji- 
dae) of Alaska. Fish. Bull. 106:24-39. 
Sulikowski, J. A., J. Kneebone, S. Elzey, J. Jurek, P. D. Danley, 
W. H. Howell, and P. C. W. Tsang. 
2005. The reproduction cycle of the thorny skate (Ambly- 
raja radiata) in the western Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. 
103:536-543. 
Templeman, W. 
1982. Development, occurrence and characteristics of egg 
capsules of the thorny skate, Raja radiata, in the North- 
west Atlantic. J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci. 3:47-56. 
Thomason, J. C., W. Conn, E. L. Comte, and J. Davenport. 
1996. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the growth 
of the embryonic dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula. J. Fish 
Biol. 49:739-742. 
