Kane et al.: Prevalence of Xenobalanus globicipitis on cetacean species in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean 
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Table 3 
Geographic regions and corresponding citations for each region where Xenobalanus has been documented on cetaceans world- 
wide. “Circle” refers to the regions encircled in Figure 2. References cited in Rajaguru and Shantha (1992) have been omitted 
individually, but are included under the citation for Rajaguru and Shantha (1992). Additional data about new hosts determined 
in the present study are available in Table 2. 
Circle 
Geographic region 
Citation 
1 
Pacific Northwest United States and Canada 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992) 
2 
Greenland 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992) 
3 
Northern Scandanavian peninsula 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992) 
4 
Feroe Islands 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992) 
5 
Scotland and Shetland Islands 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992) 
6 
Belgium 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992) 
7 
Western Mediterranean and Iberian Peninsula 
Raga and Carbonell (1985), Rajaguru and Shantha (1992), 
Aguilar and Raga (1993), Resendes et al. (2002), 
Aznar et al. (2005) 
8 
Azores 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992) 
9 
East coast United States and the Bahamas 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992), Toth-Brown and 
Hohn (2007) 
10 
Gulf of Mexico 
Spivey (1981), Jefferson et al. (1995) 
11 
Southern California and Baja Peninsula 
Dailey and Walker (1978), Brownell et al. (1987), 
Samaras (1989), This study 
12 
Pelagic ETP 
This study 
13 
Costa Rica Dome, Galapagos, and Peru 
Van Waerebeek et al. (1990, 1993), 
Reyes and Van Waerebeek (1995), Palacios et al. (2004), 
This study 
14 
Southeast coast of Brazil and Uruguay 
Brownell (1975), Young (1991), Rajaguru and Shantha 
(1992), Di Beneditto and Ramos (2000, 2001, 2004) 
15 
Northwestern coast of Africa 
Van Bree (1971), Rajaguru and Shantha (1992), 
Addink and Smeenk (2001) 
16 
South Africa and Namibia 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992) 
17 
Southern India 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992), Karuppiah et al. (2004) 
18 
Philippines, South China Sea, Hong Kong 
Parsons et al. (2001) 
19 
Japan 
Uchida and Jun (2000), Sakai et al. (2006) 
20 
East coast of Australia 
Rajaguru and Shantha (1992), Orams and Schuetze (1998) 
21 
Mawson and Davis seas, Antarctica 
Bushev (1990) 
22 
Riiser-Larsen and Lazarev Seas, Antarctica 
Bushev (1990) 
23 
Shetland Islands, northwest Weddell Sea, Antarctica 
Bushev (1990) 
24 
Bellinghausen Sea, Antarctica 
Bushev (1990) 
primarily been composed of data from coastal areas, 
whereas our study was focused on pelagic waters. 
Factors affecting the presence of Xenobalanus 
Other behavioral and environmental factors may also 
affect barnacle presence on cetaceans within the ETP. 
Swimming speed of the host has been shown to corre- 
late negatively with intensity of the whale lice Isocya- 
mus delphini (Balbuena and Raga, 1989) and has been 
hypothesized as an inversely proportional factor in Xeno- 
balanus settlement (Orams and Schuetze, 1998; Aznar 
et al., 2005). In our study, blue whales had the greatest 
mean intensity of Xenobalanus and have been shown to 
sustain cruising speeds up to 33 km/hr (Yochem and 
Leatherwood, 1985), indicating that swimming speed 
may not be a primary factor in host species selection for 
Xenobalanus. Abrasive breaching and slapping behavior 
of the host may scour barnacles and inhibit settlement; 
however, some barnacles appear resistant (Felix et al., 
2006; Sakai et al., 2006). In the ETP, deep-diving sperm 
whales ( Physeter macrocephalus) and beaked whales 
( Mesoplodon spp.) were not hosts, indicating that dive 
depth of the host may limit the settlement of the barnacle 
on these species. Orams and Schuetze (1998) and Toth- 
Brown and Hohn (2007) have suggested an environmen- 
