EUROPEAN METHODS OF OYSTER-CULTURE. 
405 
culturist must in general, for commercial reasons, remove and sell a large part of his 
stock, leaving in total remainder an amount whose spat product is an inadequate one. 
Authority can not forbid the culturist to remove the oysters before the spawning 
season, and political economy can not expect that one man Avill purposely leave a large 
stock of oysters to spawn for the common good of the neighborhood. Reservation is 
clearly a governmental duty, whether State or local. The matter is not a new one, 
and the condensed experience of Europe merely emphasizes what, with various modi- 
fications as to tenure, time, and degree, the authorities on this subject in the United 
States have already advised. 
Among the European systems of rental of state lands, the carefully devised 
method of Holland is worthy of consideration, especially as the matter of rental with 
us will become of greater importance as demand for cultural property increases. 
State policy in Holland has not hesitated to give short leases at competitive prices, 
on the ground that valuable land should not be continued in the hands of one who 
does not pay for it a just rental, and that the balance established by competition is 
apt to be fairest in the end to all interested parties, state, culturists, and public at 
large. 
In conclusion the author must gratefully acknowledge the generous assistance of 
those whom he was obliged to consult during his visits of inquiry. For his notes on 
the German industry he is especially indebted to Prof. Karl Mdbius, of Berlin, to 
Bauratli Weinreich and Herr E. Storm, of Husurn, and to the brothers Feddersen, of 
Schleswig. In Holland he must acknowledge the personal kindnesses of Prof. Hoek 
at the H elder, Baron Groeninx van Zoelen, Mr. J. Ochtmann, and the inspector of the 
Dutch fisheries, Mr. G. J. Bottemanne, at Bergen-op-Zoom. At Ostend he had the 
opportunity to meet M. Hamman, secretary of the Fisheries Board, and was very 
kindly presented to a number of culturists. To Cav. Domenico Pollio, of Pozzuoli, 
and to Sr. S. Milosa, at Fusaro, he must also express his indebtedness. In England 
he was received at the Board of Trade by Mr. A. P. Berrington and Mr. W. Fryer, and 
at the Fishmongers’ Company by Mr. T. Wrench Towse, and was by the courtesy 
of these gentlemen introduced at the various centers of oyster-culture. He is also 
indebted to Capt. G. L. Austin and to Capt. A. Anderson at Whitstable, to Mr. A. 
C. Wanklyn and Mr. J. Newman at Colchester, and to Mr. J. Smith at Burnham. 
