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BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 
SUMMARY OF EUROPEAN SYSTEM. 
A. Of Management of Natural Oyster-Grounds: 
All are property of tlie state. 
(a) Dredged by licensed fishers with closed season of the summer months: England, Italy, 
Spain and Portugal, Germany. 
(b) Dredged exceptionally or never; hods to furnish spat for cultivated areas : Holland, France, 
Italy. 
(It is to he noted that in countries where the natural beds are absolutely closed to the public 
the seed-oyster industry is most prosperous, supplies local wants, and furnishes 
even in great part the neighboring countries). In the case of Italy the Mare 
Piccolo, the ouly region of extensive production, has virtually this restricted 
character. 
B. Of Cultural Methods: 
(a) Production: 
(1) No seed oysters produced: Belgium. 
(2) Seed oysters produced naturally on natural oyster banks, no cultural devices, entire 
industry feeds on natural annual surplus of oyster banks : Germany, Portugal, 
Spain. 
(3) Seed oysters taken with collectors. 
(la) On open shore near low-tide mark : 
Tiles in single layer : Holland. 
Tiles in banks, bouquet or champignon, wooden plateaux: France. 
(2a) In open deeper water: 
Floating collectors, fascine : Italy. 
Shell cultch: England; in part, Holland. 
(3a) In closed ponds, small, never with permanent success. 
In closed ponds, large : France ( ?), U. S. F. C. Bull., 1890, p. 372. 
(b) Elevage: 
(1) No artificial cultural processes, no transplanting: Germany. 
(2) Oysters planted along suitable foreshore : England; in part, Holland, Portugal. 
(3) Oysters reared during first year in wire-gauze cases, afterward reared entirely in tidal 
inclosures : France, Holland, Belgium, Spain. 
(4) Oysters reared to marketable size attached to collector, oyster-bearing ropes: Italy. 
(5) Special processes : 
Flavoring: France, Belgium, England ; with color, France (Ostend?). 
Ddgorgement : France. 
Special storage in tidal “pits” or ponds : England, Belgium (Germany). 
(C) Of Granting Concessions of Cultural Lands: 
(1) Cultural property in general private, no government (aids or) restrictions: Belgium, 
(Ostend). 
(2) Cultural property governmental. 
(а) Concessions of freeshore rarely if ever granted for purposes of culture, extreme restric- 
tions, long leasehold: Germany. 
(б) Concessions of, granted on long lease, nominal rental, by special governmental act, 
obtained with more or less delay and difficulty: EnglanU. 
(c) Concessions of, obtainable by direct petition of fisherman or culturist by aid of a local 
government official, prompt and direct, no cultural companies : France. 
( d ) Concessions of similar, from local government, with subleaseholders : Italy. 
(e) Concessions of short leasehold, competitive rental : Holland. 
