SIR CHARLES BELL ON THE ORGANS OF THE HUMAN VOICE. 315 
7- The epiglottis being destroyed, and a deep ulcer in the sacculus, “ the 
man attempted to call, but with a husky sound.” 
8. When the interior of the larynx was coated with coagulable lymph, except 
the clangour, during coughing, the voice was quite gone. 
9. When the suicide has divided the larynx from the tongue, and opened 
the pharynx, no sound issues from the larynx in his attempt to speak ; and it 
requires a powerful effort to produce any sound at all. When the glottis is 
thus exposed, it is seen to move in the effort to speak. 
10. The loss of the velum pendulum palati was attended with the defect of 
articulation ; the sounds were run together and nasal. 
11. When polypus fills the cavities of the face, the voice is deficient in sono- 
rousness and clearness. 
12. When a communication is formed between the mouth and nose, the 
sound is nasal, and the articulation imperfect. 
13. The entire removal of the bones of the face deprived the voice of all 
force, and gave it a sound which we should have called nasal, had any part 
belonging to the nose remained. 
14. The defect of nervous influence in depriving the muscles of the velum 
and pharynx of due tension (as in apoplexy,) produces stertor or snoring. 
That this depends in a great measure on the relaxation of the velum, appears 
from this, — that changing the position of the head, so that the velum shall not 
hang against the back part of the pharynx, removes the distressing sound. 
15. In extreme weakness, as from wounds and loss of blood even to insen- 
sibility, groaning proceeds from the condition of the glottis ; as if the call for 
sympathy and assistance were intended to be the last effort of life. 
By these facts it appears ; 1st, That the trachea gives out no sound of itself; 
2nd, That when the passage of the trachea is much encroached upon, the co- 
lumn of air is not sufficient to move the cords of the glottis ; 3rd, That what- 
ever interferes directly with the motion of the glottis, reduces the voice to a 
whisper ; 4th, That when the larynx is separated from the pharynx, delicate 
sounds are not produced ; and therefore an influence of the pharynx upon 
the stream of air is necessary to the production of such sounds ; 5th, That 
any permanent opening or defect of the velum, which shall prevent the disten- 
tion of the pharynx and the closing of the passage to the nose, renders articu- 
