apparent direction of eyes in a portrait. 253 
us, then the eyes seem turned away from us by the sum of 
those angles. 
The same principles apply also to instances of moderate 
inclination of the face upwards or downwards. For when 
the face is pointed downwards, the eyes that look at us must 
be turned upwards from the position of the face to which they 
belong. And, if to eyes so drawn an upward cast of features 
be substituted for the former, the eyes seem immediately to 
look above us. 
When the turn of a pair of eyes partakes of both inclina- 
tions, so as to be in a direction laterally upwards, the altera- 
tion produced by changing the position of the face, affords 
the most striking exemplification of the force of this prin- 
ciple, as may be seen in Plate XI, and its companion. 
But the effect thus producible is by no means limited to 
the mere extent of deviation, as a total difference of character 
may be given to the same eyes by due representation of the 
other features. A lost look of devout abstraction in an up- 
lifted countenance may be exchanged for an appearance of 
inquisitive archness, in the leer of a younger face, turned 
downwards and obliquely toward the opposite side. The 
under eyelid, which in the former position conceals a portion 
of the ball of the eye, from an effect apparently of mere per- 
spective, will in the latter seem raised with effort, and thus 
give the appearance of a smile to the same eyes, if supported 
by corresponding expression of the rest of the countenance. 
But it is needless to pursue the various modifications of which 
this experiment is obviously susceptible. The instances 
already given are sufficient to show that the apparent direc- 
tion of the eyes to or from the spectator depends upon the 
