FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
207 
<7. Vomer with teeth Lutianidsc , p. 232 
rjfj. Vomer without teeth; palatines and tongue toothless; anterior teeth conical, or else more or less incisor-like; 
preorpercle entire Sparickr, p. 242 
ff. Spines of premaxillary extending backward to the occiput, so that the mouth is excessively protractile; lower 
pharyngeals well separated Mscnidx, p. 244 
ce. Herbivorous species; anterior teeth in jaws incisor-like: no molars or canines ICyphosidx, p. 246 
Family LV11I. KUHLIM. 
Body oblong, strongly compressed; scales large, ciliated; lateral line complete, the tubes straight 
and occupying the anterior half of the exposed surface of the scale; mouth large, protractile; maxillary 
exposed, without supplemental bone; teeth in jaws in villiform bands; teeth on vomer, palatines, 
entopterygoids, and ectopterygoids; tongue smooth; head partly naked; preorbital and preopercle 
denticulate; opercle with 2 spines; gill-membranes separate; 6 branchiosteeals ; pseudo branch i;e large; 
gillrakers long and slender; dorsal fins connected at the base, with x, 9 to 13 rays, the spinous portion 
longer than the soft; anal as much developed as the soft dorsal, with in, 10 to 12 rays; dorsal and 
anal fins fitting in a well-developed sheath; caudal emarginate, pectoral obtusely pointed, with 14 or 
15 rays, upper the longest; ventrals behind base of pectoral, close together, with a strong spine; poste- 
rior processes of the premaxillaries not extending to the frontals; supraoccipital bone extending for- 
ward to between the post-frontal processes, its crest not extending on the upper surface of the cranium; 
parietals short, without crest; precaudal vertebrae with transverse processes behind the fourth; ribs all 
but the last 2 to 4 sessile, inserted on the centrum behind the transverse processes. (Boulenger.) 
Vertebra) 25 (10 or 11 -f- 14 or 15). One genus with 7 or 8 species inhabiting the Pacific Ocean, espe- 
cially fresh and brackish waters of East Africa, the islands of the Indian and Pacific oceans, and north 
Australia. 
Genus 118. KUHLIA Gill. 
Body oblong, much compressed; head compressed; mouth short, oblique; maxillary without sup- 
plemental bone; lower jaw projecting; no canines; teeth subequal; preorbital sharply serrate; angle 
of preopercle without strong spine; gillrakers slender; pseudobranchiee large; scales large, not very 
rough; lateral line distinctly arched in front; top of head naked; dorsal fin deeply notched, but not 
divided to base, with 10 slender spines; caudal lunate; anal spines graduated, the fin short. Colora- 
tion bright silvery. This genus contains 2 groups of species, one strictlj' marine, the other ascend- 
ing the rivers. The Hawaiian species, found in estuaries, is intermediate. 
Kuldia Gill, Proc.. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1801, 48 ( ciliata ). 
Moronopsis Gill, op. cit. 1863, 82 (marginatus) . 
Paradulcs Bleekcr, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierkunde, 1, 257, 1863 ( mcirginatus = ciliatus). 
159. Kuhlia malo (Cuvier & Valenciennes). u Aholeh6le.” 
Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.6; eye 3.2 in head; snout 4; interorbital 3.3; maxillary 3; mandible 
2.3; D. ix-i, 11; A. nr, 11; scales 7-52-12; gillrakers 25 to 28. 
Body oblong, strongly compressed, upper profile of head nearly straight; caudal peduncle com- 
pressed, its depth equal to length; head longer than deep; snout short, rather blunt; mouth oblique, 
lower jaw projecting; teeth minute, in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue rather bluntly 
pointed, free anteriorly; maxillary reaching slightly beyond front margin of eye; eye very large, 
irregularly circular, its pupil slightly above axis of body, anterior; interorbital convex; 2 small, flat 
opercular spines, the lower the larger; origin of dorsal fin about over that of ventrals, behind that of 
pectoral, longest dorsal spine (fifth) 1.6 in head, longer than anterior soft rays; base of soft dorsal 
less than that of anal; caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed; anal spines graduated to the last, which 
is the longest, but shorter than the anterior or longest soft rays, longest spine 2.5 in head, longest ray 
2.1 in head; ventrals reaching three-fourths distance to vent, 1.8 in head; pectoral 1.5 in head, not 
reaching as far as ventrals; scales ctenoid, 4 rows on cheek, those along bases of vertical fins very 
small; top of head naked, about 12 scales before dorsal; lateral line nearly concurrent with dorsal out- 
line; caudal peduncle compressed, the least width 5 in least depth. 
