246 
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 
Color in alcohol, pale yellowish orange, deepest above and on head; under parts whitish; faint 
brownish or orange streaks along the rows of scales; fins all whitish, tinged with orange. 
This species reaches a length of something more than a foot. It does not appear to he very 
common, as our collection contains only 5 specimens, all from deep water off Hifo. It was described 
originally from Japan. 
Erythrickfhys sp? Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., V1I-IX, 117, pi. 63, fig. 1, 1845, Japan. 
Erythrichthys sehtegdii Gunther, Cat., I, 395, 1859, Japanese Seas. 
Emmelichthys schlegelii , Bleeker, Enumr. Poiss., Japan, Nat. Verb. Kon. Ak., XVIII, 8, 1879 (name only). 
Family LXV. KYPHOSID/E. — The Rudder Fishes. 
Herbivorous fishes with incisor teeth only in the front of the jaws; body oblong or elevated, with 
moderate or small scales, ctenoid or not; mouth moderate, with incisor-like teeth in the front of each 
jaw; no molars; teeth on vomer and palatines present or absent; premaxi llaries moderately protractile; 
preorbital rather narrow, sheathing the maxillary ; gillrakers moderate; pseudobranchise well developed ; 
opercles entire; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; 
dorsal fin continuous or divided, with 10 to 15 rather strong spines, the soft dorsal naked or scaly; 
anal with 3 spines; ventrals thoracic, the rays i, 5, an accessory scale at base; caudal lunate or forked; 
pectoral fin with all its rays branched; intestinal canal elongate, with a few or many pyloric cceca; air- 
bladder usually with 2 posterior horns; vertebrae in ordinary or slightly increased number, 24 to 28; 
post-temporal of normal percoid form, the stout forks not adnate to the cranium. Herbivorous shore 
fishes, feeding largely on green or olive algse; chiefly of the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean; 
most of them valued as food. Genera 20, species about 70. 
a. Incisor teeth well developed, each with a conspicuous horizontal process or root; caudal fin moderate, about as long as 
head, the outer rays not 3 times as long as middle rays; junction of gill-membranes forming an 
angle Kyphosus, p. 246 
aa. Incisor teeth small, with conspicuous roots; caudal much longer than head, the lobes falcate, the outer 5 times length 
of middle rays; gill-membranes not forming an angle at junction Sectator • p. 248 
Genus 137. KYPHOSUS Lacepede. The Chopas. 
Body elongate-ovate, regularly elliptical, moderately compressed; head short, with blunt snout; 
eye large; mouth small, horizontal; maxillary barely reaching front of eye; each jaw with a single 
series of rather narrow obtusely lanceolate incisors, implanted with compressed conspicuous roots pos- 
teriorly; behind these a narrow band of villiform teeth; fine teeth on vonier, palatines, and tongue; 
branchiostegals, 7; gillrakers long; preopercle obsoletely serrate; preorbital narrow, covering but little 
of the maxillary; squamation very complete, the space between and about the eyes being the only 
naked part; scales smallish, thick, ctenoid, 60 to 70 in the lateral line, which is continuous; similar 
scales entirely covering the soft parts of the vertical fins, and extending up on the paired fins; dorsal 
fin low, with about 11 spines, which are depressible in a groove of scales, the fin continuous but the 
last spines low, so that a depression occurs between the 2 parts of the fin, the bases of the spinous 
and soft parts about equal; soft dorsal rather low in front, not falcate, pointed behind; pectoral fins 
small, ventrals well behind them; intestinal canal long; pyloric cceca very numerous; vertebrae 9 or 
10+15 or 16=25. This genus contains some 10 species, chiefly confined to the Pacific Ocean, and most 
of them valued as food; 2 species found in the West Indies. Two species known from the Hawaiian 
Islands. 
Kyphosus Lac6p6de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 114, 1802 ( bigihbus=fuscus ). 
Pimelepterus LacOpOde, op. cit., IV, 429, 1802 ( bosqui—scctatrix ). 
Dorsuarius Lactfpede, op. cit., V, 482, 1803 (nigrescens=fuscus) . 
Xyster Lacdpede, op. cit., V, 484, 1803 ( fuscus ).. 
Salcima Bowdidh, Excursion Madeira, 238, fig. 37, 1825 ( aurata ). 
? Opisthistius Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 245 ( lalimel ). 
a. Caudal peduncle short, 2.5 in head; body deep, the £epth 2.15 in length; scales 10-72-17 sandwicensis, p. 247 
aa. Caudal peduncle longer, 1.8 in head; body more slender, the depth 2.4 in length; scales 12-82-21 .fuscus, p. 248 
