FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 
263 
the longest ray slightly shorter than snout; origin of spinous dorsal exactly midway between tip of 
snout and base of last soft dorsal ray; base of spinous dorsal slightly less than longest spine or equal to 
distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil; base of soft dorsal equal to longest dorsal ray; space 
between dorsals less than half longest dorsal spine, or 3.6 in head; length of caudal peduncle equal to 
snout and eye; pectoral slightly greater than snout and eye, about 1.4 in head; ventral pointed, slightly 
longer than pectoral, not reaching anal opening, about 1.25 in head; anal somewhat posterior to soft 
dorsal, its base 1.25 in its longest ray, which is 2.6 in head; caudal moderately forked, the lobes equal, 
and equal to eye and snout; scales large, firm, very finely ctenoid; most of the scales obscurely 
dendritic; lateral line concurrent with the back, the pores very profusely and widely branched, the 
number of branches usually about 10 to 12, sometimes as few as 6 or 7; two and a half scales between 
dorsal fins and 7 on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle; suborbital and side of snout with numerous 
branched pores; peritoneum pale; gillrakers 25+7, serrate, the longest about 2.2 in eye. 
Another specimen (No. 03851), 14.5 inches long, gives the following description: 
Head 3.1 in length; depth 3.4; eye 4.6 in head; snout 2.3; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.45, maxil- 
lary to eye 4 in head or 1.25 times eye; D. vnr-9; A. 7; scales 3-30-6; longest dorsal spine 2 in head, 
longest ray 2.25; longest anal ray 2.3; pectoral 1.65; ventral 1.65. 
Body stout, back elevated anteriorly, sloping gradually posteriorly to caudal peduncle; anterior 
profile slightly concave between snout and eye, convex from eye to origin of dorsal; ventral outline 
nearly straight; head large; interorbital broad, convex; snout long, somewhat projecting, blunt at 
tip; mouth low, nearly horizontal; lower jaw short, decidedly included; maxillary somewhat expanded 
at tip, not quite reaching vertical of orbit; teeth strong, in a single series in each jaw, none on vomer 
or palatines; eye large, in posterior half of head; barbels short, not reaching vertical of preopercular 
edge, 2.5 in head; preopercular spine broad, flat, not strong; caudal peduncle somewhat compressed, 
slender, its least depth 2.8 in head; fins moderate; origin of spinous dorsal midway between snout and 
posterior base of soft dorsal; interspace between dorsals slightly greater than eye, 1.75 in base of 
spinous dorsal, nearly 2 in base of soft dorsal; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin somewhat posterior 
to that of the latter, its base a little more than 3 in head; caudal not widely forked, lobes somewhat 
rounded, about 1.8 in head; scales large, finely ctenoid, some of them faintly dendritic, 2.5 scales 
between dorsals and 3 rows on cheek; lateral line concurrent with the back, the pores profusely 
branched. 
Color in life (No. 02983), rich rosy on back and top of head, paler on side; about 5 rather distinct 
lines, made up of broken marks along center of scales; lower part of side and underparts whitish, with 
slight rosy wash ; edges of scales on upper half of body yellowish olive; operdes rosy; fins all rosy, 
the dorsal and anal brightest, outer edge of ventral white; lips white; iris silvery, rosy above. 
A fresh example from Hilo had body very bright rose-red; back olive; a whitish streak from eye 
backward to front of second dorsal; a broader pinkish white band from tip of snout below eye to 
below middle of spinous dorsal; a faint darker red cross shade below spinous dorsal; another narrower 
one between dorsals and a broad one under second dorsal, most distinct under its posterior part; a 
blackish shade on caudal peduncle, before which is. a .quadrate blotch of pinkish white. The most 
distinct marks are the olive of back and its 2 pale streaks and the pink and olive on tail; fins all 
c l earred; the dorsals paler edged; ventral s and anal broadly pale edged; barbels white; iris silvery. 
Color in alcohol, dirty yellowish white, pale olivaceous on back, head with some traces of orange; 
fins all uniform white or whitish, probably yellowish in life; anterior upper part of caudal peduncle 
with a large whitish blotch. 
This species is abundant at Honolulu and Hilo, whence we have 38 specimens 5 to 14.5 inches 
long. It is one of the best food-fishes, ranking with the surmullet of Europe. 
Pseudupeneus porphyreus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 454, fig. 22, Honolulu (Type, No. 
50705, U. S. N. M.; eoll.'O. P. Jenkins); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Honolulu). 
205. Pseudupeneus preorbitalis (Smith & Swain). Fig. 111. 
Head 3.4 (4.16) in length; depth 4.16 (5.12); D. vm-9; A. i, 7; scales 2-37-5. 
Body more slender than in Mulloides vanicolensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes); ventral outline almost 
straight, dorsal outline well curved; profile from snout to dorsal regularly curved; caudal peduncle 1.33 
in head, its least height 3.25 in head; mouth nearly horizontal, maxillary 3 in head, terminating behind 
