TRANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS. 
78 
in the engraving, and their peculiar horn-shaped prominences 
may be noticed behind their heads. An angular chrysalis is repre- 
sented hung by its tail end and slung also by a girdle of silk to 
1 2 3 4 
MEMBRANOUS FEET OF CATERPILLARS. 
i. Papilio machaon. 2. Vanessa urticae. 3. Charaxes jasius. 4. Theda W. album. 
a stem. The caterpillar does not spin a cocoon, but slings itself, 
and the chrysalis stage is completed in May. 
The special adaptation of the external organs of the cater- 
pillar to definite methods of existence is very noticeable. Thus, 
in Carolina, Virginia, and Louisiana, there are swallow-tails 
(. Papilio asterias ) whose caterpillars live on umbelliferous plants, 
like those of Papilio machaon , and their oral (mouth) struc- 
tures, and their feet, are like those of the common European 
insect. In the same districts a Papilio troilus lives on laurels 
in its caterpillar state, and the larva has its labrum or upper 
lip more split than the others, so as to hold the leaf it gnaws 
— moreover, the spines of the feet are stronger, so as to enable 
