THE VANES SID I. 
83 
An Anthocharis with a larger body than those just mentioned 
has been noticed in Orenburg, and is not very remarkable in the 
adult state, but Dr. Rambur having met with it in Andalusia, 
in the environs of Malaga and Granada, studied its metamor- 
phosis. The caterpillar lives in the fields on coniferous plants. 
It makes a sort of delicate shroud of silk for itself before 
becoming a pupa, the shape of which is not at all angular, like 
those of the other P apilionidi. 
The most favourite, perhaps, of all the butterflies is the Pea- 
cock — Vanessa To. If it came from the tropics alone its value 
would be incalculable, but although it is so common its beautiful 
ornamentation and splendid colouring always make it prized. This 
Vanessa appears in the spring-time and also in the summer, and 
a third generation may ornament the autumn. Nettles are the 
food of the caterpillar, as they were with the small Vanessa just 
described. In their early days the caterpillars hatched from one 
set of eggs keep together and do not separate until the time for 
metamorphosis is at hand. They crowd upon the same leaf or 
twig, and when this is eaten they move en masse to others. 
Their colour is velvety black, pointed with white, and each 
segment of their bodies, except the first, carries six branching 
spines or stiff hairs. The membranous feet have a circle of 
very fine spines upon them, and they are constructed so as to 
climb the rather tender twigs and leaves of the nettle. Before 
turning into the chrysalis the caterpillars fix themselves usually 
to the leaves of their favourite plant or to some other in its 
immediate neighbourhood. Fifteen days after this the butter- 
flies escape. The different generations do not exhibit any altera- 
tions in their colouring, so that those noticed in the case of the 
other Vanessce must have some other cause than the influence of 
heat and light. Some of the latest metamorphosed peacocks 
hybernate and fly early in the spring. The pendant chrysalis 
and the butterfly of Vanessa Io are shown in the plate with 
several caterpillars. The angular shape of the chrysalis is very 
evident. 
The favourite White Admiral butterfly frequents woods and 
forest glades in preference to the open fields and gardens, and 
flies in June, and sometimes as late as September. Its spiny 
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