152 
TRANSFORMATIONS OF INSECTS. 
leaves, each containing a piece of the excrement of the caterpillar, 
are left upon the tree for a short time. When the caterpillar has 
attained its full growth it rolls up a leaf longitudinally into a 
light tube, spins its cocoon, and changes into the pupa. There 
are two broods in the year. 
The pupae of the genus Nepticula have the parts of the 
future insect far more conspicuously displayed than is usual in 
the chrysalides of the Lepidoptera ; and Nepticula anomalella 
may be found in the hollow of the footstalk of the rose leaf 
which the caterpillar has marked with serpentine tracks in the 
later weeks of the summer. It is contained in an elliptical 
reddish silken cocoon. 
The perfect insect lays its eggs on the under surface of 
the rose leaf, close to the mid-rib, and the larva, when hatched, 
bores into the cellular structures, and commences an irregular 
wavy gallery. When fully formed the larva splits the upper 
skin of the leaf, and creeps out ; and if it be one of the 
summer brood it proceeds to the leaf stalk, and there spins 
an orange coloured cocoon, which is of rather peculiar structure; 
for the side exposed to the weather has a sort of outer covering 
which projects beyond the limits of the true cocoon, serving as 
a protection against the wet. If the larva be of the autumnal 
brood, it very rarely seeks the foot-stalk, but attaches itself 
to the main stem of the rose bush, beneath the shelter of some 
branch or thorn, or else it seeks shelter on the ground amongst 
leaves. After completing the cocoon, the metamorphosis into the 
chrysalis takes place, and the second transformation occurs in a 
fortnight or three weeks in summer, and in six or seven months 
in winter and spring. 
Some of the mining genera of the Tineina undergo very rapid 
transformations, and the kinds of Lithocolletis which fly in July and 
September offer examples. They are very small moths, with hairy 
heads and straight and pendent palpi, and their wings, which 
are of different colours, are frequently ornamented with spots 
looking like gold or silver, and have beautiful fringes. Moreover, 
the antennae, which are like slender threads of silk, are kept in 
constant movement. There are at least a hundred species of 
this genus, and each one lives upon some particular plant ; but 
