200 
BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 
of eye, both crests coalescing with supraoccipital in cavernous anterior part of interorbital area; inter- 
orbital area somewhat contracted anteriorly; prefrontal process very strong, making an obtuse angle 
with supraorbital, this process forming a conspicuous knob above the long posterior nostril. 
Shore fishes, remarkably distinguished by the structure of the interhaemal. This genus contains 
numerous very closely related species, all American and all valued as food-fishes. 
Cai.amus: 
n. Scales comparatively small, 8 or 9-54 to 58-18 or 1 y ; about 6 vertical rows of scales on base of preoperole, with 
about 12 scales entering into formation of lower margin; species of large size, with preorbital deep, pectoral 
fin long, and outer teeth strong. 
b. Body very deep, back elevated, depth in adult half length to base of caudal; outer teeth about in number, 
outer one on each side in one or both jaws sometimes enlarged, canine-like: sometimes directed forwards, 
especially in adult. 
r. Preorbital with reticulations of bluish ground-color around bronze spots; canines of upper jaw usually vertical, 
but sometimes, especially in old examples, directed more or less horizontally forward; body deeper than in 
other species, depth 1.9 to 2.25 in length; anterior profile not very steep, slightly curved; depth of preorbital 
less than half head : calamus, 153 
cr. l'reorbital region, snout, cheek, and opercles brassy, crossed by horizontal, wavy, non-reticulating lines of violet- 
blue, brightest on preorbital and snout; a sky-blue blotch behind eye over opercle, extending a short distance 
on body; outer canines of upper jaw directed horizontally forward, except in very young, these teeth longer 
than in C. calamus; anterior profile nearly straight and very steep to nape, then strongly convex. 
d. Eye about 4 in head; side with dark crossbands; blue lines on preorbital reticulating; iris dark proridens 
dd. Kye larger, about 3.5; side with bluish longitudinal lines; blue lines on preorbital not reticulating; iris yellow. 
kendalli, 154 
bit. Body more elongate, depth 2.17 to 2.75 in length. 
c. Upper jaw with a strong antrorse canine on each side, as in C. proridens; preorbital with blue, wavy stripes; 
preorbital deep; dorsal high; pectoral reaching front of anal; cheek with blue flexuous lines, anastomosing 
and forming rivulations; spinous dorsal edged with black pennatula 
4-6 
ec. Upper jaw without antrorse canines, anterior teeth strong, ^,one on each side of upper jaw more or less enlarged; 
body rather oblong, snout long and pointed, anterior profile forming a nearly even curve to front of dorsal. 
Color dull-brassy with little blue; a faint blue stripe below eye; preorbital dull-coppery, usually plain, 
sometimes faintly veined with bluish. Young, as in other species, with dark crossbands bajonado, 155 
Grammateus: 
a a. Scales comparatively large, 6 or 7-45 to 52-13 or 14; about 5 vertical rows of scales on base of preopercle, with about 
9 scales entering into the formation of lower margin; no antrorse canines. 
/. Pectoral fin long, about 3 in body. 
fj. Scales of moderate size, 50 to 52 in the lateral line. Body very deep, the back elevated, depth about. 2.2 to base of 
caudal; longest dorsal spine about half head. 
h. Canines moderate, about preorbital broad, its least width about 2.25 in head. Body moderately compressed, 
rather elongate, back only moderately elevated, anterior profile convex to eye, thence straight to point of snout. 
Color smutty-silvery, with dark crossbands; blotches on tins; no black axillary spot leucosteus 
tjii. Scales large, about 4(1 (45 to 48) in lateral line; body rather elongate, depth about 2.25 in body; longest dorsal spine 
about 2.5 in head. 
i. Canine small, about y^; eye large, 3 in head; dorsal spines xr; preorbital narrow, about equal to eye. Dorsal out- 
line forming a comparatively regular arch, back being elevated, anterior profile steep and nearly straight. 
Color, plumbeous-gray, with a blue spot on each scale, preorbital with blue streaks; a blue streak below eye; 
a blue point in axil , macrops 
ff. Pectoral fin short, about 3.5 in body. 
j. Dorsal outline forming a comparatively regular arch, anterior profile from snout to base of spinous dorsal evenly 
convex; back elevated, depth in adult about 2.17 in length; canines subequal, y 8 ^; preorbital not very deep; 
pectoral shortish. Color, dull silvery, with pearly spots on scales of back; preorbital bluish, plain, or with 
pearly markings, without blue stripes; a faint pale streak below eye; axil with a small inky-black spot; cross- 
bars on body usually persistent penna 
jj. Dorsal outline not forming a regular arch, anterior profile straight from base of spinous dorsal to nape, where a 
rather sharp angle is formed, thence straightish above eye, snout convex; body rather elongate, depth about 2.5 
in length. 
k. Preorbital deep, nearly twice diameter of eye; canine teeth y 8 ^. Body oblong, back little elevated, anterior profile 
unevenly curved, very convex before eye. Color, olivaceous, with dark bars or spots, centers of many scales- 
pearly; 6 yellowish spots along lateral line; preorbital brownish, usually with dashes of golden-yellow; mem- 
brane of opercle orange; fins mostly barred or spotted arctifrons, 15(1 
kk l’reorbital not deep, pectoral short, 1.2 in head; dorsal fin low, longest spine about 3 in head; canines | , moderate, 
equal. Body little elevated, the anterior profile rather strongly convex, curve continuous from snout to 
middle of dorsal. Color, olivaceous, with darker crossbands; preorbital plain; a dark axillary spot; a blue 
subocular band medius 
