January 28 .] 
THE FIELD. 
91 
Sophia displays tho knowledge of an accomplished 
draughtsman, and the atmosphere and colouring of some 
of the views of the Bosphorus are as clear and brilliant 
cubes of tho breadth ; so by adding one quarter to tho 
breadth tho stability is doubled. A vessel double tho 
boain of another of tho sumo length and depth will have four 
times tho stability ; and so on ns the squares of the breadth, 
all other things being the same. 
Now there is a stability derived from length. Tho stability 
D f ghips as to their power to carry sail, will be affected singly 
as their lengths, all else remaining the same ; thus, if a 
vessel be twice the length of unother of the sumo breadth 
and depth, she will have twico the capacity of the other, and 
consequently carry twice the weight or cargo, nnd displace 
twice the quantity of water at the same depth, and her 
stability will bo twice that of the other; and it three times 
tho length, then three times as6tiff; and so on iu proportion 
ns the length is increased. 
There is also a stability in regard to height. The effects 
produced by a difference of height are various. In most 
cuses additional height decreases the stability of tho ship, 
but this depends entirely on how she is loaded, which of 
course regulates tho position of the centre of gravity. 
If for example, we have two vessels of tho same length 
and breadth, hut the one double the depth of the other, the 
centre of gravity of the one that is double the depth will be 
double the height, all else being the snme ; and when she is 
heeled over to tho same angle, the horizontal distance 
between the centre of gravity and the lino of support will 
only be half that of the horizontal distance between the centre 
of gravity and line of support in the low vessel ; therefore her 
stability will only be half that of tho low vessel. 
But you will perceive that if the deep vessel be loaded 
with double the cargo, she will sink to double the depth in 
the water ; and if the cargoes are alike, her centre of gravity 
will be immersed under the surface of the water, in the same 
proportion to her height, us the centre of gravity of the low 
vessel is immersed in proportion to its height; and when 
heeled over to the same degree, tho centre of gravity of the 
deep ship will only be half the distance from its line of 
support that the centre of gravity of the shallow vessel is 
from its line of support; but the deep ship, from having 
double the weight, or displacing double the quantity of 
water, will have double the action on that point ; and, 
although her meta-centre is only half the height of that of 
the shallow vessel, yet a double power, acting at half the 
length of lever, is equivalent to a single power, acting at the 
whole length of lever, therefore, in this case, the deep vessel 
is equally stiff, when loaded in proportion to that depth. 
There are also forma best adapted for stability. It may 
bo observed that the forms given to the midship section of 
ships are always comprehended between the figure of a 
rectangle and that of a triangle, no ship being so full ns the 
rectangle, nor so sharp as the triangle. Experiments, there- 
fore, on the stability of these and the included figures would 
produce results by means of which comparative stability of 
various forms may be estimated. 
With this view, experiments have been made with 
four bodies, as represented in the diagram. The inclining 
weight was always horizontally applied, aud similar in effect 
to the force of tho wind. It should be observed that tho 
specific gravity and capacity of these bodies were precisely 
equal, although their forms differed extremely. Their 
materials were the same, and they were so balanced as to be 
turned on their respective centres of gravity when afloat, by 
the application uf a weight, which weight was fastened to a 
line, the end of which was secured to the mast in the centre 
of each body, and passed over a pully. These experiments 
were made with great care, and the results were as shown. 
The respective figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, exceeded each other in 
stability a9 they are numbered. But it is to be observed 
that, although figure 1 exceeded figure 2 in stability until 
the weight applied amounted to about 13$ lbs., the excess 
with more than that weight was with figure 2. That figure 3 
was, with every weight, inferior in stability to figures 1 and 
2 ; and figure 4 was, with every weight, inferior to all others. 
Henco It appears that the form of a midship body best 
adapted for stability only is a rectangular or flat bottom 
with perpendicular sides ; and the next best adapted is 
a semicircle, with top sides perpendicular. But there 
exists much difficulty in constructing the rectangle with 
sufficient strength, besides its boing very ill-adapted to heavy 
seas ; as, by the sudden descent in pitching, the bottom 
will 6trike the water at right-angles nearly, and sustain 
thereby a violent shock ; besides that it would be leewardly 
under little sail. The 6emi-circle, or figure 2, would not 
only be inclinable to roll much, but would be deficient in 
capacity for many services. We may therefore conclude, a 
midship body constructed in a form between the two is most 
applicable for ships in general. But a midship body ap- 
proaching more towards figure3 or 4, would have the greatest 
advantage in point of velucity, and a greater length and 
breadth at the line of floatation might give even them suffi- 
cient stability. 
To prove the degree of inclination that the windward side 
of these figures bad, by suddenly cutting the line that sus- 
pended the weight when the figures wore at their utmost 
degroo of inclination, with tho top of tho side to leeward, as 
represented, and being even with the surface of the water, it 
was found that the inclination or roll was nearly in an 
inverse ratio to the stability, as the windward side of fig. 1, 
heeled 2!) ; fig. 2,33 ; fig. 3, 27 ; and fig. 4, 23$. 
Mr. Ditchburne here resumed his seat amid considerable 
applause. 
After the lecture, a most animated discussion took place, 
and then followed a conversation on the relative merits of 
certain yachts, which ended in the Gnat and Irresistible 
I challenging the Blue-eyed Maid, a portrait of which 
I lust vessel appeared in “The Field’’ of the 21st of 
January, Inst. The following were the conditions agreed 
upon, and which were signed by Mr. W. Gurdner and Com- 
modore Tuckwell, and witnessed by Mr. Bonner, P.W.Y.C., 
and Mr. Wilson, R.L.Y.C. A deposit of two sovereigns 
was also handed over to the Yueliting Editor of “The 
Field,” to make the match binding. Tho Irresistible (and 
not the Gnat) will contend against the Blue- Eyed Maid. 
1. Course, from Erith to the Chapinun, and back to 
Erith. To be sailed in eight hours, or no mutch. Then to 
bo resailed. 
2. Match to come off in March. 
3. Stakes to be £20 a side, and to be posted at the office 
of “The Field” on the 28th of February ; and tho day 
of the mutch then to ho fixed. 
4. No ballast to bo shifted ; no booming to windward; 
in all other respects to abide by the rules of ihe P. W. Y. C. 
There is some talk of a steamer’s accompanying this 
match. 
Resignation op Secretary. — We have to inform 
tho members of this club that Mr. J. P. Gordon, late joint 
secretary, has resigned his appointment ; in future all com- 
munications should bo addressed to Mr. C. F. Chubb, hon. 
secretary, Myrtle-villa, Battersea; to whom post-office 
orders fur subscriptions (payable ut Chelsea) may also bo 
sent. Mr. Gordon has recently been elected rear-commodore 
of the London Model Yacht Club. 
ROYAL CORK YACHT CLUB. 
We have just received the subjoined letter from a leading 
member of the Royal Cork Yacht Club : — “ I am happy to 
inform you that our new club-house is now in such a stato 
of forwardness, that the principal rooms will bo ready on tho 
25th of March next, und as our lease of the present club- 
house will then bo out, wo move into the new club-house 
on tliut day. Tho whole building is to be completed on the 
first of May. On Thursday, May 4tli, the first general 
meeting of tho club for this year will be held, when there 
will bo a ballot for members. Although so early in the 
season, a number of names of candidates have already been 
forwarded to me, and I think this year we have every pros- 
pect of a large accession of members. I think it probable 
that there will be a meeting of tho building committee 
soon, and also of the general committee of the club, and if 
anything is brought forward at these meetings which I 
think would be interesting to you, I shall not fail to 
communicate it to you immediately. Measures aro now 
taken to lay down moorings for the yachts of this club, and 
also any yachts belonging to Royal Yacht Clubs, which may 
arrive in this harbour, for the use of which a trifling charge 
will be made. In fact, this old club, after being in existence 
now upwards of 134 years, has every prospect of continued 
success aud prosperity.” 
Birkenhead Model Yacht Club. — Among the busi- 
ness to come before the meeting on the 1st of February, will 
be the motions of which notice was given at tho January 
meeting — by Mr. Hannay, viz., to the effect that the six-foot 
models be excluded from the club ; aud by Mr. Head, that 
a new class of boats be formed, not to exceed two tons, to be 
sailed in the “ Great Float.” There are already three or 
four new “ eight tonners" being built for the Birkenhead 
Club. Mr. Kelly, of Liverpool, is building one for Mr. 
Bower, who won tho Challenge Cup last year with the 
Presto. Mr. Morrison, of Birkenhead, has just erected a 
large shed for building, and has got a craft in band for Mr. 
Ilorley; and Bishop, the builder of the Spirit, is constructing 
one for the owner of that pretty little vessel. Several other 
members are talking of building, and there is every prospect 
of a fine fleet of small craft during the summer. 
Dublin (Wednesday). — Up to four o’clock yesterday, 
forty-nino bodies had been recovered from the wreck of the 
Tayleur, mainly through the exertions of Mr. Cusack, agent 
to Lord Talbot do Malahide, and the Coast Guard. Mr. 
Cusack went over from Malahide to Lambay on Monday, in 
Lord Talbot’s yacht, and it was expected that he would 
bring back one of the bodies, but tlio severe gale off shore 
is supposed to have prevented him from leaving the island, 
as he had not returned up to an advanced hour yesterday 
evening. 
A Hint to Yachtsmen.— Wo ( Galignani ) mentioned 
at the time that a vessel had been launched at Nantes, built 
of zinc, in the yard of M. Guibert, of that port. The Comte 
Lehon, which was the name given to her, has just returned 
from her voyage to Rio Janeiro, and from the report of the 
captain, the experiment lias been perfectly satisfactory, the 
vessel having proved an excellent sea-boat in repeated gales 
which she had encountered. The captain also states a fact 
which is of great importance, namely, that her compasses 
had never been affected, a thing which has frequently hap- 
pened on board iron vessels, and by which the most fearful 
accidents have been caused. 
London to Leith in Four Days. — T he Spray cutter, 
of 33 ton6, o.m., recently bought by J. A. Longinore, Esq., 
of Edinburgh, from J. E. Cox, Esq., of the Royal Thames 
Yacht Club, reached Leitli early on Thursday, tho 19th 
inst., after a remarkably tine passage down, considering the 
inclement scuson. As we intimated in our lust publication, 
she left Bluckwal! on Sunday, the 15th, under the eharge of 
her old master, Mr. George II ughes. Site experienced thick 
weather and light baffling winds until Monday evening. 
When she was off Orfordness, a fine rattling breeze from 
the land then set in and carried her down to Flamborough 
Head on Tuesday at nightfall. She carried on all night with 
her jib-headed topsail set. and by Wednesday evening was off 
the mouth of the Firth of Forth; thus running from river to 
river in four days. It was blowing very hard from the west- 
ward when she was abreast of St. Abb’s Head, nnd it looked 
besides very dark and louring to windward. Rather than 
hazard thrashing her through it during the long winter 
night, her master wisely hove her to, under a four reefed 
mainsail and storm jib. It blew great guns with a heavy 
sea down the Firth, here thirty miles wide, but the little 
craft made flue weather of it and rode it out like a duck. 
At daylight she filled aguin and beat up to Leith with tho 
flood, where she came to anchor in tho ronds, early in the 
day. Frightened by tbeir recent losses, the Insurance Com- 
pany applied to, declined insuring so small a vessel at this 
season ; but Hughes knew her of old for a lively sea-worthy 
craft, and had no feurs. She is now being dismasted to be 
laid up aguin until the yachting season commences. It says 
much for tho workmanship of her builder, Mr. Inman of 
Lymington, that after a winter’s voyage of four hundred 
miles, slio had hardly made any water, when pumped on her 
boiug taken into dock. 
distance of nearly two miles; 3 1. aside is now deposited, 
the remainder (o ho mndo good on tho Saturday previous to 
the race. It will bo remembered that Lindsay defeated 
Nichol Hull n few weeks ago over tho same course, which 
circuinstuuce has caused tho bolting to be slightly in his 
favour. 
Clasper and Candlisu v. Bruce and Winship. — Now 
tliut it is known that CandlUh, the Tyne Champion, is to 
be the partner of Clasper in this oars mutch, the greatest 
interest is created in aquatic circles. The men are daily 
practising on the river, ami pull so well that the backers of 
each crew are considering the match us safe as ever. Clasper 
launched his new boat on Thursday last for tho match, and 
those that have seen her pronounce her faultless. Brueo 
and Winship are located at Cox’s, Scotswood, and are under 
the mentorship of Stephen Foster, tho pedestrian ; while 
“ Hurry ” and his partner take their open airoxercise under 
tho guardianship of the well-known truinor, Win. Henwick. 
The current odds at present offered are guineas to pounds on 
tho Elswick men. 
Amusements. 
DRAMATIC FEU1LLETON. 
Miss Cushman at tho Hnymarket— " Tho Stranger"— Constantinoulo 
at the Egyptian Hall— Stato of tho Streets. 
ROWING. 
MATCHES TO COME. 
M Altos 14. — James Cundlish of Newcastle, nnd James Mes- 
senger of Teddington on tho Tyne, for 100/. a side. 
Marcu 14. — H. Clasper of Newcastle, and W. Pocock of 
Lambeth, on the Tyne, the latter staking GO/, to GO/. Tins match 
postponed from December 13. 
ArniL 17. — W\ Patterson of Cntesliend, and T. Taylor of 
Ousoburn, for 30/. a side, from the High Level Bridge to 8cuts- 
wood Suspension Bridge. 
May G. — Thomas Taylor of Ouseburn, nnd Richard Clasper of 
Newoustle-on-Tyne, from the High Level Bridge to Scotswood 
Bridge on tho Tyne, for 00/. u side. Tbia match is “off,” 
Taylor having forfeited. 
*,♦ Savannah Aquatic Club Regatta unavoidably stands over 
till next week.— E d. 
Lindsay and Siiaftoe (Newcustlo). — These north-shore 
men row a sculler bout match oil Monday, February 13th, 
for 10/. aside. The race will take place below bridge, from 
Hawks, Crawabny, nnd Co.’a quny to Ayro’s saw mills, a 
That strange, wild, ugly, yet somehow not unnttrnctivo 
face — intellectual, yet at the same time strongly animal — 
that voice, inharmonious and unfominine, yet vibrating 
with feeling and passion — those attitudes and movements 
whose energy forbids one to question their grace or appro- 
priateness — all, in short, tliut makes up tho aggregate of 
tho actress, Charlotte Cushman, may be considered un- 
pleasant, but not as the qualities of a woman possessing less 
than genius. The great characteristic of her style of 
acting is its force — pathetic indeed she can he, but her 
pathos resembles other people’s wrath — her lamentations 
are not dove-like but leonine; if she appears in the cha- 
racter of some deserted spouse or willow-wearing dumsel, 
you can’t help feeling tliut, did the thing occur iu real life, 
it might be passably unpleasant to be the neglectful hus- 
band or false lover ; she may be gentle and innocent ns 
white muslin can make her, but you scent tho tigress 
under all her tenderness (observe that I speak dra- 
matically, for in private life, Miss Cushman — whom I 
regret that I have not the honour of knowing — may be 
the most tea-making, crochet-entangling, domestic-virtues- 
possessing of her sex) ; and in that luchrymoso piece of 
Higli-Dutch sentiment which I have just seen, I would not 
advise the Stranger \o delay too long in according her forgive- 
ness, lest his sorrowful Adelnith, a bout do moyens, should 
turn upon and rend him. But though yon may not like her 
performance, I think if you have tlio least perception of in- 
tellect and energy on the stugc ; if you look for one particle 
more than a white skin und u pretty face (many are there in 
theatres who can udmire little else — haunting private boxes 
or stalls for the most part, and exemplary in boots and 
cravat, but not the better critics on that account, who look 
no further), you will hardly deny that there is a stuff' iu Miss 
Cushman which you may seek for, almost in vain elsewhere, 
and even if you recognise iu her performance little that 
accords with your idea of the character she represents, you 
will yet not go away unimpressed by the taleut of the 
woman, or without admitting that she plays the purt*alter a 
fashion of her own, which, though not yours, may, alter ull . 
be the true one. You see in all she plays a strong, rugged 
nature, in which the mines of thought and passion lie deep, 
have to be dug and delved for, so that their results — their 
crystallisations, to use a term of the Kantean philosophy — 
are, though of true metul, imprinted with asperities, which, 
though in themselves blemishes, yet mark the originality of 
the product. As for the play, — the “ Strauger” — in which 
I have just seen Miss Cushman, presuming that no one has 
been fortunate enough not at some time of his or her life to 
have seen it, I shall content myself with a quotation from 
Thackeray — “ Those who have seen the pluy of the ‘ Stranger’ 
are aware that the remarks made by the various characters 
are not valuable in themselves, either for their sound sense, 
their novelty of observation, or their poetic fancy. Iu fact, 
if a man were to say it was a stupid piny, ho would not he 
far wrong. Nobody ever talked so. If we meet idiots in 
life, as will happen, it is a great mercy they do nut use such 
absurdly fine words. The Stranger’s talk is sham, like tlio 
book he reads, and the hair he wears, and the bank he sits 
on — but, in the midst of the balderdash, there runs that 
reality of love, children, and forgiveness of wrong, which 
will be listened to wherever it is preached, and sets all tho 
world sympathising.” I do believe that this is the true 
reason why the pluy still keeps the stage — at least, I know 
no other, except that, technically speaking, it is very well 
constructed. 
Of all the panoramic, dioramic, monologicnl enter- 
tainments — what are culled “shows” in fact — that buve 
been seen in London, none have over approached the success 
of Mr. Albert Smith’s Mont Blanc. That an exhibition of 
this kind should liavo been open, with little intermission, lor 
more than two years, that now, at its six orseven hundredth 
representation, the crowd which nightly overflows the 
building in which it takes place should lie us great as ut its 
first performance, while the worst audiences it has ever no t 
with would have been considered as crowded houses by tho 
getters up of similar entertainments, is certainly, as Dominie 
Sampson says, “prodigious!" This great success is owing 
to a variety of circumstances — to the verve of the lecturer 
to the interest attaching to an ascent of the highest European 
mountain — to the beauty of the paintings— and being »<• 
great and complete as it is, it might be supposed that Mr. 
8niith would have been content with it But no, like 
Alexander, insatiable in prosperity ho asks for new world* 
(audiences) to conquer. “Mont Blanc, lie says, “ is more 
than prosperous ; it lias become u national institution; yet 
still people pass along Piccadilly who come not in, and others 
are sent away for want of space. Some, especially in tho 
present state of foreign politics, may be more curious about 
Turkey than ubout the Savoy mountain. Let us see what 
the public will say to a diorama of Constantinople.” Tho 
canvas of tho diorama (a moving one like those of the Nile 
and Mississippi.) wns painted a few years ago by u clover 
artist named Allom, and exhibited by him in Regent-street. 
The speculation failed, and the painting was bought by Mr. 
Smith, tho ineffective parts were cut out, the remainder 
improved and restored under the direction of Mr. Beverley, 
put up in a newly and very boautifully decorated room at 
tlio Egyptian Hull, and Illustrated by an amusing lecture, 
which is very well delivered By Mr. Charles Kenney. Asa 
work of art the painting is very good-for example, tho 
perspective and distanco of tho Interior of the mosque Santa 
