THE FIELD 
583 
not. Would not tills argument apply equally to other things besides 
the spur ? To all horses, I should imagine that the tilt was sometimes 
painful; to some of tender mouths It must bo perfectly agonising 
Yet, I suppose that no one would desire fair equestrians not to ride 
with the bit. Why 19 this? Is It not because the bit Is necessary 
to the enjoyment of the ride by n lady ? and therefore, though It may 
and does cause the horse poln, she is right to uso It. In the same way. 
If It could be shown that the spur was necessary for the pleasure of 
the lady, I do not see tint the pain It causes the horse would bo an 
argument against It. 4 , , . . 
Again, the whip Is perhaps a more conclusive proof of what I mean 
than the bit. Why does a lady l ido with the whip ? lor the expr* si 
purpose of giving her horse pain In order to glvo herself pleasure. The 
only reason why a lady takes a whip with her, Is to epuble her t*> 
punish her horse should lie he disposed to rebel against her will, mid 
without a thought does sho use It when, by the pain which it causes, 
she cun increase her enjoyiip nt. Yet no one, 1 suppose, would wish a 
lady to ride without awhlp; or liuving one, to refrain from ever using it 
Why is tilts ? Is it not because n lady would not enjoy her ride w itlim.t 
being able, by causing the horse pain, to compel him to submit to her 1 
In the same manner, if it could be shown that a lady could not enjoy 
her lido without having armed her heel witli a spur, with whieli 
to coiul the side of her horse, then one would no longer oppose 
“ Annie," and others who approve of ladles riding with it. Hut if this 
cannot be shown, then 1 (lo maintain that it is cruel for ladies to ride 
with the spur. 
What I mean is Just tills— when the pleasuro of tlm fair rider is con 
ccrncd, I do not think it in any way cruel for her to can e her horse 
pain; hut when she gives her horse pain, ami bcrvfft no pleasure , l 
esteem it cruelty. To make my meaning plain, lot us take an example* 
It certainly »ouhl lie cruel l*>r a lady to Hog her horse which carries 
her, without feeling the whip, how and where she pleases; but it cer- 
tainly would not be cruel for u Indy to whip her horse severely should he 
bo lazy or tired, or in any wav slow or stupid. Now, what Isilie di'tmc- 
tlon T Would not the whip give the horse equal pun in both eases? 
Certainly It would; but in the one case the lady gives herself plensiue 
without paining the homo; in the other ease, it is necessary f*>r her to 
gits anil 
*pnrs. 
t paining ...„ .. - 
whip her horso In order that she m u enjoy her rule I hnt is to 
say, if the lady’s pleasure cm be * l>t lined without piini'limg her li n ■*•. 
well mid good; hut If, in order to enjoy herself, she is obliged lo whip 
her horse severely, she is right to dn so 
If this reasoning be true. .* o uni* ■ *t the conclusion that tin- qn ca- 
tion under dl-puto I*. whether riding with the spur does make t li i id*' 
more enjoyable to the fair rider. And to this 1 do not hesitate, from 
my own experience and observation, lo uiswor in the negative. 
The advantages urged by some ot your correspondents ns attending 
the use of the spur appear to me to In* unsatisfactory 
It is said that it enables a lady to turn ail obstinate horse Ihe way 
she desires. Hut It is obvious, ns stated by one of your correspondents 
that this Advantage would only apply when tlm horso desires to turn 
to that side from which he could be pressed by the spur. It seems 
natural, too, that the horse > obstinacy would generally lead him to turn 
away from the spiu -anned heel, which of course he dreads and Int*-* 
Then “ Annie' considers a spur useful n lifting a hors" over hedges 
This may be true; hut 1 do hope that few ladle will he persuaded 
to Join in tho pre-eminently munh/ sport of limiting. “Annie' also 
approves of u spur in compelling a wearied horse to carry her home 
iu time for “a most ravishing toilet," - a use of the spur whieli. 
I am sure, will not commend itself to any lady of ordinary feminine 
humanity. 
Your equine correspondent's argument, too, scorns to me perfectly 
correct, that the horse, from the p mi, or from the continual fear of the 
pain of the spur on one side will always incline towards the other, 
which certainly will not add to the enjoyment of the lady's ride. 
It seems to me to ho very dear that it can bo In no wise necessary 
for the fair equestrian to ride with the spur, in order that she may 
enjoy her ride, from the fact that an immense majority of our Kng- 
llsli ladles, who do enj ly their ride immensely, never use It Once 
more, it is urged by many, that it is unladylike for a lady to flog her 
horse, and that therefore tho spur Is very desirable. Now, If it is un- 
ladylike for a la*l. to whip her horse severely, which, <i* .i rule, l per- 
fectly agree to, l cannot see that it Is one hit more in accordance with 
the true spirit and delicacy of a lady, to cause her horse far more acute 
pain, in tho tendorcst part of his body, under the protection of her 
habit. 4 , , . 
Sir, I bellove that a whip is perfectly sufficient for a lady to use 
with a well trained horse; the taste of tho lady and tho nature of 
tho horse much determine tho severity of the whip. Only lot ladies 
remember that a very thin whip is useless In cases of real obstinacy, 
and that a very thick whip, though not out of place in tho hand of a 
market girl or a donkey driver, looks rather odd In tho gloved hand of 
a Jlvdo Park beauty. 
I.et me just add, that a lady should never hesitate to whip her horse 
when he deserves it, and should never todcll him with tho whip at 
other times. 
1 am most truly ashamed of myself for allowing thes- remarks to 
stretch to such a Icugtli, but I am in hopes they may have tho ofTcct 
of convincing ladicstli.it the pleasantest way for them to ride is w ith- 
out the spur, but simply with their ordinary riding whip. 'Yitli many 
apologies, 1 inclose my card in confidence, and remain, sir, 
Your very obedient servant, A Gzs 
Tau and T AKTAU. — Admiral Plumrldge has destroyed 
is, nun casks of Russian tur at Ulcaborg. Nicholas says he 
does’nt mind the loss, as he has quite enough English tar on 
his hands. — Punch. 
The Two Extremes ok Fashion. — F ormerly, when 1 miles 
went out, they used to have their bonnets on ; but that is no 
longer tho case, fur their bonnets are now not on, but half off. 
The reason generally assigned by our female acquaintance why 
bonnets are thus worn, is, because they are. There is, how- 
ever, n somewhat more logical one to bo given tlmn this ; 
namely, the. length of tin? dress. Condemned by tho tyranny 
of Fashion to screen their foot mid ankles from admiration, the 
ladies indemnify themselves by showing ns much as possible of 
the head. — Punch. 
The Soldier's Teaser. — The Briti.-Ji soldier does not mind 
any intrenchment, but what beats him altogether i tin- 
Stockade. — Punch. 
Where is THE Russian Fi.ao?— T he fliudc&s condition of 
(he Russian fortresses — where no hit of bunting wave- may, 
we trust, be taken im tho prophetic condition of the Emperor 
Nicholas ; who, the war continuing, will in good time not have 
a rag to cover him. — Punch. 
Tin; Sr linin' (Jabs. — I t is often remarked that the number 
of hackney carriages now In use is less than before the Act of 
Parliament of last session, which altered the price of fares and 
gave power for tho better regulation of these carriages. Thi- 
is, however, a mistake. We are informed that the number of 
r ibs licensed in June, 1853, was 3,326, and at the present liuiy. 
June, 1 85 1, there are !, 121 in u.e, bring ml in; , iso of U5 above 
the number used in tlie former ear. 
Rim; in the Pkick or Newspapers.- 
the great advance which ia taking place i 
it is rumoured that, n movement, Ja now ^ 
to raise tli ■ price of newspaper* one lialfp; 
■ninghan Mercury Inis taken the initiative 
joimirtU, having Just added a halfpenny toil* prl* 
(loVHUHMKXTi* OK Till- Woill.l*. Tilde UiV at l)IV»ellt ill III* 
world, 8J empires, monarchies, republics, principalities, duelii**.. 
and electorates. There ure 6 emperors, including hi- sable 
highness, Faust In I. of St. Domingo; Id kings, numbering 
among them Jamaco, king of all the Mosquitoes, and ulv> 
those of Daliomy aiul S, in lwi. lt Island-; 5 queens, including 
Raualvnof Madagascar, and Pomara of the <), aheite Island-; 
8 presidents; 10 reigning princes; 7 grand dukes; I pope ; 
l Miltaus, of Borneo and Turkey; z g *ver/i *rs, of Entrerios 
ami Corrientes; l viceroy, of Egypt; i shall, of Persia; I 
imaum, of Muscat ; 1 ameer, of Culml; 1 boy, of Tunis; and 
lastly, 1 director, of Nicaragua. 
Goodness often degenerates into weakness. 
A Vain Pursuit.— Running after a telegraphic message to 
stop it. 
CtriiA. — The annual productions of Culm are said to com- 
prise 13,500.000 dole, worth of sugar, 15,000.000 dols. worth of 
tobacco, 2,310,000 dols. worth of coffee, 2,000,000 dols. worth 
of corn, and 7,000,000 dols. worth of other agricultural produce. 
The grand total of its productions, inc luding dairy and do- 
mestic animals, averages 59,000,000 dols. per annum. The 
population of the island, in 1841, was 1 ,007,624, including 
THINGS WORTH KNOWING. 
Collected by a Squire's bidy. 
To make Crackers. Ono quart of Hour, with two ounces 
of butter nibbed in; one tea-spoonful of xaicrutiu in a wine 
glass of warm water ; half a tea-spoonful of salt, and milk 
enough to rub it out. Beat it half-an-hour with a pestle, cut 
it Into thin round cakes, prick them, anil set them in the oven 
when other things are taken out. l<ct them bake till crisp. 
My Grandmotiikr's Hi-oemt kou Due-mvo a Pike. — 
Take your pike and open him, rub him within with salt and 
claret wine, save the milt, a little of the blond, and fat : cut him 
in two or three pieces and put him hi when the water b dls; put 
in with him sweet marjoram, savory, time, or fcimol, with a 
good handful of salt ; let him boil near hulf-an-hnur. For tlm 
-Auce, take sweet butter, anchovies, horse radish, claret wine, 
of each a good quantity ; a little <>f the blood, shallot, or g irlie, 
some lemon slice* l ; beat them well together and serve him. 
How tub Sqi iue\ Farm Baimki svvbo ill- Cum: \\i-. — 
On returning home after an absence of a couple of years, l found 
my currant buslms overgrown with witrh-gru«s. I r*oul 1 not 
think of losing them. Digging the n and renting out nil tho 
grass was too great a task : therefore I thought 1 would try 
and smother It out. I covered the earth around them to tho 
lepth of two or three inches with tau bark, putting some half- 
a-dozen sliovelsful in tb 
a charm. The gr.i— w.i» * - 
spoiled ia the tau bark, and 
bountifully. I am nati .li. 1 
:u good, if mu bettor, fur t 
lire 1 of 
tannin 
inch 
j*L 
, which I 
eld dr. 
hush. It opm 
id the next ■ 
*ni mv bushes have 
gi-taldo dreeing i- 
nnd -lirul^bviy, tlmn b 
ate l to 
r i son I 
yielded 
v pi illy 
irnvard 
—In consequence of 
u the price of paper, 
•dn i on in i Jlasgnw 
niiy ail). The Mr- 
among tin* English 
II 
nist-s 
, and Major 
, t nv o the 
families, wid 
E ast. The i 
(Our (Opcrn-tSlnss. 
Under tlm patronage ol 
the Hmiora le II. L 
Onlral V--o i mi til ii 
tnd orph ms, of 
Dila will he given 
f Austral? 
Powys, I, 
aid of ; I 
ildiers *i * 
■ to 
■ of 
tho war 
given If 
lavorit • 
The 
tho • 
A 
i and f.imlli 
Mr. Cop 
s gratuitoi 
characters, 
i»rrorman>'es a 
Young Kin ’ 
i 1 
pin, t : 
A listl’ 
Ill will 
> v Moil lay evening, Ji. 
1 knight- 
Tur 
' ill • II * 
•Co 
ill*) 
ent 
t * i — n. umc 
gives a zesl 
their coouin 
. and i" 
q.n.OM- f* 
*ol llie 1111 
the nllusi 
ellQIUV. 
lion bet. even K i 
ions iimde *o the 
Were tliix spe. i 
*f 
• ml 
an aiiine- 
tion hi itself, the equestrian 
prove SO It is pel'l* Clloll lf> 
and * 
will I 
Hie n r* le w* 
; l»W 
i found 
I'iding be sought, lo 
mid if 
k lull i 
it A-ll. 
* iiii*l it 
• I. t'i 
Gentleman. 
INTERPRETERS IN' TURKEY. 
Sir,— I bog to send you the subjoined, cut from the Morning Chronicle 
of Thursday : — “Immenso trouble lias been experienced In procuring 
qualified and trustworthy interpreters. Lord Raglan is making the 
most of those whom lie lias secured Me lias divided thorn into first, 
second, and third classes. The Coimnnnder-in-Chief, Hie Generals 
commanding divisions, the Deputy-Adjutant-Gonoral, mid Deputy 
Quartcrrauster-Goneriil, are each to have one of tho first- class. The 
generals commanding brigades, the Brigadier-General of Royal Artil- 
lery, the Assistant Quartermaster-General, the principal medical officers, 
&c., will each have ono of the second-class, and each regiment, as well 
ns each troop of Artillery, will have one of tho third class attached. 
Tho pay is to be, respectively, 15s. a-day for first-class; 7s. 6d. for 
second class ; Is. Gd. third class, with other allowances proportioned 
according to rank ; also n pecuniary allowance towards outfit. Messrs. 
Jacob, Safer, Mndello, Dixon. Blunt, Mungrnln, Tucker, and Turrell, 
are the first-class officers of this department Altogether 50 interpreters 
have been appointed up to this timo, and many more ure wanting.'' 
I think ihe abovo will interest many of your readers. 
Yours, &c., Dbaooman. 
ARCHERY. 
Sin,— In reply to your correspondent F., I beg to inform him that 
there is no published list of Archery Matches, The majority of 
matches shot are by local clubs, and are principally for tltelr own 
honours and prizes, and confined to tlio members of cacti society for 
competition. There is, however, the Annual National Meeting of 
Archers of tho United Kingdom, open to ail the world, and which 
will bo held this year at Shrewsbury on the 6th and Util July There 
ure several chance prizes shot for, and which ft mere tyro might fairly 
hopo to have a share of, such as a prize for the most central lilt of tho 
day, and also others for Hie best golds at 100 yards, 80 yards, and CO 
yards respectively. 
After tlio two days' shooting there is generally a handicap sweep 
stakes shot for on the third day, when Hie lowest scorers on the pro- 
vious days have allowances made to them to put them on an equal 
footing with the best Archers, in order that all may have an equal 
chance for tho prize. In addition to tlio National Meeting there is 
also an annual contest for tlm ancient silver arrow, generally known 
ns “ tlm Scorton Arrow," and other prizes in connection with it. 
These aro open to all comers, ami frequently fall to very Indifferent 
shots. Tills meeting is generally about three weeks or a month alter 
«• the National,” and Is held 111 the north of Yorkshire. In -Scotland 
there are several Archery Meetings, but no positive time is fixed for 
any of them. , . ... 
I generally have notice of Ihe days of shooting for prizes which are 
open to all Archers, and as soon ns 1 am informed of them I will give 
you full notice for the satisfaction of “ F .” and any of your other cor- 
respondents who may take delight in tho bow. 
1 uui, Sir, your obedient servant, A no us. 
Juno 21, 1851. 
CUTTING EARS. 
Sin _* ’Hie idea of cutting off a cat's cars in order to prevent its wan 
deling away after gamo, seems at first sight absurd enough ; but when 
you know all about It, there is nothing absurd In tlio matter. Cats cannot 
endure water in their ears, and in th-lr natural slate they have tho 
power of closing them down like a valve, so Hint neither water nor 
anything else can full in. When tliolr cars are cut off they dure no 
go among wet grass or under trees, or even go out In the rain, anil 
uro obliged to content themselves with rats and mice and such aninll 
doer as tho house and barn afford. ,, , .. 
The clipping off tlio cars of a kitten Is not a very dreadful operation . 
ot any rate, it Is a question between no ears and extermination. for "° 
cat is of uny use utter It ouco takes to tlio woods and fields ; and all 
country cats with ears on wander off sooner or later, where they aro 
certain to meet tlielr late from tho first guniokecpcr or sportsman they 
come across, Yours, &c., *• "• 
4 18,39 1 whites, 429,405 slaves, and 151,838 free coloured people. 
Five years subsequently the population had increased 7,530, 
while" the blacks decreased _lu7,872, making an aggregate 
population then of but 1,898,752. In the city and .-iiburbs of 
Havana, in 1841, the entire population was 1GU.750. Five 
years later, in 1846, it comprised but 128,597. 
There are two modes ot disbursing money,— one is paying 
through vo nr banker, the other paying through vour nose. 
Fresh’ from Gallipoli.— A French soldier who had picked 
up a little English g*>t into a difficulty with an English soldier, 
who insisted upon lighting it out. The Frenchman agreed to 
this, but wished to know what lie should say if he should get 
beaten. Being told that he must cry out “ enough," they *et 
to. The Frenchman, however, forgot the word, and cried out. 
as lie had heard some of the bystanders do, “ Hurrah ! 
Hurrah !" To his astonishment, tli*' Englishman pouml.-d all 
the harder. This caused Monsieur to go t*> work in .-uch good 
earned, that the Englishman soon cried out “ enough !" " Say 
dut again," said the' Frenchman. “ Enough ! enough !" cried 
he again. The Frenchman iu turn exclaimed, “ Dut is tic very 
void I was trying to say long time ago !" 
Agricultural Statistics— The arable and garden ground 
of the United Kingdom is about 20,000,000 of acres, and the 
meadows, pastures, and marshes contain *27,000,000, a surface 
considerably smaller than that of many other countries. The 
number of farmers in Great Britain does not exceed 300,000. 
M'Culloch gives the value of the crops of the British Empire at 
120 millions sterling, and the value of land in England at 128 
millions. 
Titiie Commutation. — A Parliamentary paper shows that 
from flic 1st of January, 1853, to the 1st of January. 1854. the 
following is the amount of agreements and awards ; —Agree- 
ments, £2,482,570 7s. 9d. ; awards, £1,529.275 12s. Gjd. ; 
total rent charge, £4,011,846 0s. OJd. 
A Sister’s Value —Have you n sister ?— then love and che- 
rish her with all that pure and holy friendship which renders 
a brother so worthy atul noble. He who has never known a 
sister's kind ministration, nor felt his heart warming beneath 
lur endearing smile and love-beaming eye, has been unfortu- 
nate indeed. It is not to be wondered at if the fountain ot 
pure feeling flow in his bosom hut sluggishly, or if the gentle 
emotions of his nature be lost in the sterner attributes of 
mankind. , 
Five of the sweetest words in the English language begin 
with 11— Heart, Hope, Home, Happiness, and Heaven. 
Bachelor's Accidents.— A miserable old bachelor who 
edits a paper somewhere in the United States, puts “ Melun- 
cliolv Accidents " as a head to marriages in his paper. 
An Irishman who was near sighted, and was about to fight 
a duel, insisted that he should stand six paces nearer to his 
antagonist than the latter did to him, and they were both to 
fire tit the same time. This beats Sheridan's telling about a 
fat man who was going to fight a thin one, that the latter s 
sliV fimiM ought to be chalked on the other's portly person 
and if tiie bullet hit him outside of tlio line, it was t*> go tor 
nothing. , , , , 
\t an evening tea-partv, the other day, a proposal was mane 
for a rubber at whist. After several deals an elegant and 
handsome voting lady thus addressed a gentleman wjm sat 
mar her:— “What will you take for your hand.' I be 
young gentleman modestly replied, his eye at the same tune 
Whtly beaming, " Yours iu return." 
Why is u bishop of a rich diocese like a jolly juck-tar. 
Because he loves the sec (sea) on which he prospers. 
Guano Discoveries.— a Washington correspondent oi 
tlio i\cw York Doily Times says—' “ Nows has reached hero 
from Mr. J. Vullninil, of jminonso deposits of guano on the 
Gallipngos Island, off tlio const of Ecuador, situated hairway 
between San Francisco and Cape Horn.” 
Irish Poor.— I a tho first threo months of the present 
yoar 32,415 deck passengers were brought from Ireland and 
landed ut J.ivorpool. 27.804 of were jobbers, emi- 
grants, &e., and the remaining 4,521 were apparently pau- 
pers. In the corresponding period of last year tlio total 
number was one-fourth more, but tho number of paupers 
was double what it lias been this year. 
Artificial Manuues — \ i * > *•• 
sidimt lit till! late in*'Otmj ill II lib i:oqub«!» *1* iqi n I -• i ""18 
consideration. The sulij-ct. ol drcx.ing mid iii .nm ng tho 
land deserves all the taliiut and attention Mint on lio ho-towod 
upon it. If some million and u ImU pqr iiiiimin bn expanded 
purposely to improve tho soil, a crying evil is sustained by 
the practical agriculturist if nil unworthy article is foisted 
up iu him by means of false or fraudulent ropreaoiilatlons, 
and which, 'hero is too nmeli reason to believe, is the case. 
From £10 to £1'2 per ton is puid for this medium, and 6o 
far from its application to its p* ofe#im«l purpose boing ut- 
loaded with b’nioflt, quite the re verso bn- bean tlio result. 
It is something, however, to have exposed tlio imposture, 
t hough the deceived arc, generally speaking, powerless to 
delect it, mid a positive hurt is encountered whore money, 
IhIioiii-, and skill have boon applied So vain. Tlio ltoyul 
Agricultural Society, however, greatly to tliolr credit, have 
undertaken to assist the deluded funner in testing samples of 
manure Unit may bo sent to them. Mr. Miles proccctlnd 
to rouiRi-U Hint much benefit would bo derivid from the em- 
ployment of i he genuine arti* !<•, mid sincerely Imped Unit tlio 
funils of the Bath and West of England Agricultural Society 
would somo duy ouub'u them to establish a salary for tlio 
carrying out a testing process in ull cases, at least, of sus- 
pected want of genufnoiirss. 
Mildew. — E xperience has shown (but ibis unwelcome 
visitor is le.-s prosentablo tlmn heretofore; good druiuugo 
and clearance, doubtless, have produced llii* change, ingo- 
tiier with a liberal application of chalk, lime, or mm I, and 
vegetable rotation crops Porous soils are particularly ob- 
noxious to this soml-ecourge ; hut tlio abovo treatment 
lends to produce chemical action, consolidating the light, 
and rendering heavy and tenacious soils pi ore productive by 
tlio free admission of air, ami disM'ibullpg Hie unrnonio, 
carbon, and other substuncoa favourable to grain crops. 
The mildew, as it is termed, In wheat (Huccinca fjrmni- 
Hit m), is generated beneath the outer skin of whcat-plunts, 
mid shows itsolf in dstk-gn y blotches, changing 4o u dark- 
brown or black, and resulting in myriads of fungi "iih pro- 
truding spores. These fungi attack ihoatruw uud the »«p, 
breaking tlio ono ami shrivelling tlm other, frequently 
blasting the crop altogether, and rendering It unworthy ot 
harvesting. At present, no remedy exists i'**r tins t. rriblo 
pest. Its introduction and prevalence ho* boon attributed 
to certain parasites, particularly Hm presence of the lUrhury 
plant. This has been combatted by men ot science, and 
reference made to the fact that all parasites appear lo I* 
governed by peculiar Ions. Newly-cut timber has been 
covered with a mycelium soon after being sawn, rind nothing 
seems to point out its comparative absence more definitely 
tlmn tho freo circulation of air. 
Agricultural Museum. — An apartment i-* provided in 
the north wing of the Crystal 1'uluce for the Exhibition of 
Agriculture ; there will he a museum of geology, rocks, 
soils, subsoils, and their produce. The young fanner or 
aspiring student will fin if, beside every suit of specimens, 
aspiring ** - - • - - . 
in a coloured map of the country tor that particular pur- 
pose, any district that produces limestone or mineral 
mnnnre, clinlk with or without flint, marl or _grccu wind, 
and coploBte; An court oxaminotion will instruct more 
perfectly than a aeries of leelurci-. H the agriculture ot 
any one district is required, lie will hnij specimens with 
this end in view — tiie manure nnd the implements generally 
used ; every variety of the grasses mid gram ut seed, and 
of the beautiful specimens of wheat (of which there tiro 
many in this com district) and their nsea-Jour, starch, 
manufactured straw, and purer. 1 here wilt likewise be 
exhibited the high products of the gr.ui ng did rip— cheese, , 
wool. &c. : also stufled specimens ol all the different sheep 
in this country; so that tlio funner, upon his visit to this 
scene of wonder and delight, will find himself nt homo at 
nil his exciting pursuits, uud feel well repuni, even by this 
true representation of his daily toil. Hus Musuem ot 
Agriculture will surpass anything of tho kind m Europe. 
