378 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 
In order to furnish the fish with thousands of these insects, it will be sufficient to 
brush the narrow strip of willows with a small board attached to a light pole, 
especially early in the morning or late in the evening, when these insects are in a sort 
of torpor. To drive whole swarms of little grasshoppers — of which the fish are 
particularly fond — into the water, it will suffice to walk past the willows and brush 
against them at noon time, when these insects have retired from the neighboring 
meadows into the shade of the willows. The willows also furnish shade, which is very 
beueticial for the trout and shrimps, keep the water cooler, make the banks firmer, and 
may eventually yield a revenue by selling their branches to basket-makers. In places 
where the ditches widen out considerably, boards painted white and laid on posts 
fixed in the bottom of the ditch will keep the water cool and furnish very desirable 
resting-places for the fish. It may likewise be recommended in the beginning, 
especially in crawfish-culture, to dig horizontal holes in the sides of the ditches and 
thereby to furnish still more hiding-places. 
During the first year the above-mentioned crustaceans, insects, etc., will furnish 
sufficient food for the young salmon; but if they are to grow rapidly, and if the cul- 
ture is to be made remunerative, they should, during the second and third year, be 
fed with a constantly increasing quantity of small fish, at regular intervals. To raise 
these fish separately, one or more sunny, shallow, and warm ponds, stocked with the 
rapidly increasing crucian carp ( Garassius vulgaris), will answer the purpose. If the 
young crucian carp are to develop rapidly the spawners should be removed, either by 
catching them with nets just after the spawn has been deposited, or by draining the 
pond if the young fish have already been hatched. Crustaceans bred in liquid 
manure may be raised as food for them on the edges of the ponds. The young 
crucian carp are caught with nets wheuever needed, and are given to the salmonoids 
alive, but to the crawfish and shrimps dead and chopped fine. 
By an establishment like the one described the water of a stream will, without 
proving an injury to establishments of any kind farther down the stream, yield at 
least three times more than it would otherwise. The remunerative character of the 
rational culture of salmonoids or crawfish, especially in the neighborhood of large 
cities, will make it profitable to start such establishments on good pieces of ground 
(e. g., meadows). By the soil which is dug out the surrounding meadow will be 
improved (rejuvenated), by the ditches and channels it may possibly also be irrigated 
in part, and its productiveness will be increased. 
Difficult as the management of such an establishment may appear at the first 
moment, it is not so in reality, if a systematic plan calculated for a number of years is 
followed. It would give me great pleasure if this article would contribute its share 
in inducing people to start many well-paying salmouoid and crawfish establishments. 
