- 27 - 
Gooseberry and Currant 
Robbins, W. W. 
1931. The botany of crop plants. Ed. 3, 608 pp. Philadelphia. 
p. 307 j Pollination. — Gooseberries and currants are cross- 
pollinated for the most part. Insects are the chief agents in 
pollination. 
Almeria Grape 
Olmo, H. P. 
1943. Pollination of the Almeria grape. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 
Proc. 42: 401-406. 
p. 405: Einset (l) stated that no female grape varieties are 
grown commercially in this country because natural cross -pollination 
is inadequate to obtain good yields. The Almeria in California is 
an exception to this rule. This fact brings up the question as to 
whether grape breeders should continue to discard all female varieties 
without further tests of their qualities. The experience with the 
Almeria in California suggests that other female varieties, if they 
should possess particularly desirable qualities, might be grown 
commercially with profit if adequate cross-pollination is provided . 
Since it has been observed that bees do work on grape flowers, it 
appears that mere adequate cross-pollination may be provided for by 
introducing hives in commercial! plantings to supplement win d 
pollination . 
Graoe 
Fletcher, S. W. 
194-1. Pollination. Standard cyclopedia of horticulture, by L. H. 
Bailey, v. 3, pp. 2734-2737. New York 
p. 2736: Of one hundred and forty- five varieties of grapes 
tested by Beach, thirty-one were self-fertile, forty-one self- 
sterile, and seventy-three uncertain. 
Snyder, E. 
1937. Grape development and improvement. TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 
1937: 631-664. 
pp. 639-40 : The blossoms of Vitis are arranged in a pyramidal, 
loosely branched cluster known as a panicle. In the wild state some 
vines may bear only male or standnate flowers, while others bear 
perfect or hermaphrodite flowers that have both stamens and pistils. 
American native species bear male flowers and hermaphrodite flowers 
on separate vines, while most European vines of Vitis vinifera bear 
