- 22 - 
Another test of the value of bees was indicated in some experi- 
ments carried on at the College in 1923. Two hundred and fifty- 
blossoms each of Baldwin, Lawyer, Stayman Winesao and Kinnaird were 
emasculated and left unbagged or open to cross-pollination. Appar- 
ently, because all of the petals had been removed by emasculation, 
the bees were not attracted to these blossoms. As a result, not a 
blossom on any of the emasculated blooms "set." Other unemasculated 
blossoms (with their petals expanded) on the same limbs were appar- 
ently visited by the bees so that cross-pollination took place. In 
these cases 21.4. per cent of the Lawyer blossoms, 6.4 per cent of the 
Kinnaird, 15.8 per cent of the Baldwin, and 5.3 per cent of the 
Stayman Winesap "set" fruit. 
From the above experiments, it can be seen how important it is 
for orchardists to have several hives of bees scattered through their 
orchards. The last experiment also suggests that a great many bees 
might be killed if poisonous sprays are used when the petals of the 
blossoms are showing . 
MacDaniels, L. H., and Heinicke, A. J. 
1929. Pollination and other factors affecting the set of fruit, with 
special reference to the apple. N. T. (Cornell) Agr. Expt. 
Sta. Bui. 497, 47 pp. 
pp. 4.-5* The flowers of the apple and of most of our fruit 
plants are adapted by their structure to insect pollination. The 
showy petals, the odor, and the nectar-secreting glands have the 
function of attracting insects which carry the pollen from flower 
to flower. The pollen itself is of the sticky tyoe that adheres 
to the hairy coat of insects which visit the blossoms ... rather 
than of the light dry type that is adapted to wind dissemination. 
When it is appreciated that it would take approximately 4.00 apple- 
pollen grains placed side by side to reach from one end of a bee to 
the other, and that the number carried by a single bee might easily 
approximate 100.000. some idea of the possible effectiveness of 
insect pollination can be gained. 
Overholser, E. L. 
1927. Apple pollination studies in California. Calif. Agr. Expt. 
Bui. 426, 17 pp. 
p. 15: The use of bees as a means of effecting pollination 
in an apple orchard greatly increased +he set of fruit when con- 
trasted with the normal set. 
Cross-pollination increased the set of fruit, even with self- 
fruitful varieties like the Yellow Newtown. 
Swinson, C. R., Weaver, F. P., Dadisman, A. J., Vernon, J. J., Gould, H. P., 
and Lincer, J. B. 
