- 5 - 
pp, 2736-7: Orchard pollination, however, is a broader 
problem than the mere detection of varieties that are inclined to be 
unfruitful when planted alone, and discovering which are the best 
pollinizers for each of them. Experiments in crossing and observa- 
tions in orchards indicate that nearly all varieties, whether self- 
sterile or self -fertile, will produce more or better fruit with 
foreign poll en than with their own . . . Tellow Newtown is distinctly 
self -fertile in Oregon, yet Lewis noted a decided improvement in the 
fruit when Jonathan and Grimes* pollen was used upon it. He concluded, 
" All varieties of pome-f ruits , at least of apples and pears P even 
though they may be termed self-fertile, are benefited by having other 
varieties planted with them as polHnizers .* 
IA survey of the literature shows that the last statement is not 
confined to fruit but is applicable to many agricultural crops as well.] 
MacDaniels, L. H. 
1929. Pollination studies in New York State. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 
Proc. .1928 1 129-137. 
p. 137i The value of having bees and good pollen varieties 
in the orchard is that in some seasons when there are only a few 
hours in which bees can fly, satisfactory cross-pollination will be 
effected whereas it would not have been accomplished if sources of 
good pollen and abundant insects were not close at hand. It is for 
such minimum conditions for cross-pollination that the grower should 
provide. It is also evident that in any region the lack of pollen 
carriers in the orchard at blooming time may be the limiting factor 
in the set of fruit and that in order to properly understand the 
pollination problem a study of the insects of the locality in their 
relation to pollination is necessary . 
MacDaniels, L. H. 
1930. Practical aspects of the pollination problem. N. Y. State Hort. 
Soc. Proc. 1930: 195-202. 
p. 201: In the foregoing paragraphs much has been said of 
the limitations of bees in pollen distribution. It must be borne in 
mind, however, that for all that, bees are still the most effective 
pollen carriers there are and that they are the only insect that can 
h« mAnfprn^ h y the orchardist . 
Marshall, R. E., Johnston, Stanley, Hootman, H. D., and Wells, H. M. 
1929. Pollination of orchard fruits in Michigan. Mich. Agr. Expt. 
Sta. Spec. Bui. 188, 38 pp. 
P» 38: The commercial fruit grower is almost entirely depend- 
ent on the common honey bee for the transfer of pollen from one varie- 
ty to another . 
