Archeology . — 
In this branch there are for examination 
caves, rock-shelters, mounds, village and camp sites, shell - 
heaps, re fuso -heaps, mines and quarries , workshops, pueblos, 
cliff-ruins, cavate lodges, garden beds, irrigation works , 
forts, altars, shrines, springs, towers, stone mounds, ceme- 
teries, camp sites, etc. While each of these requires indi- 
vidual treatment, depending on the conditions, and the judgment 
of the explorer may modify the methods, modern science requires 
that all data be reduced to measurement and graphic delineation. 
Thus the following paints are essential: (1) Accurate location 
of the site on a map; (2) photographs of site; (3) plan, with 
measurement of areas to be worked; ( .) stakes or datum marks 
placed; (5) removal of debris and location of specimens with 
reference to datum marks with the aid of camera and pencil; 
(d) field numbers of specimens and references to these numbers 
in the notebook; (7) care of specimens after collection. 
Mounds are explored by means of trenches and then strip- 
ped of the upper part, which rarely contains anything of im- 
portance, but the contour of the mound is noted and one or 
more sections plotted* When the zone of deposits is reached 
a layer of earth is removed. The aspect of skeletons and other 
objects exposed is recorded and photographed and their position 
marked. Village sites near mounds are prolific in material illus 
trating the life of the former occupants. In the alluvial soil 
of the prairie states, wherever mounds abound such . sites may be 
located by sounding the earth with an iron rod. The earth is 
then stripped oil* as in a mound, or it may be found preferable to 
excavate by ‘‘benching . n 
