I 
ing post-Glacial time, but under discrimi- 
nating observation may be expected to 
furnish valuable data to the chronologist. 
The river terraces at Trenton, N. J. , for ex- 
ample, formed largely of gravel accumu- 
lated at the period when the southern 
margin of the ice sheet was retreating 
northward beyond the Delaware valley, 
have been the subject of careful and pro- 
longed in vestigation. At the points where 
traces of man have been reported the sec- 
tion of these deposits shows generally be- 
neath the soil a few feet of superficial 
sands of uncertain age, passing down 
rather abruptly into a more or less uni- 
form deposit of coarse gravel that reaches 
in places a depth of 30 feet or more. 
On and near the surface are found vil- 
lage sites and other traces of occupancy 
by the Indian tribes. Beneath the soil, 
extending throughout the sand layers, 
stone implements and the refuse of 
implement-making occur; but the testi- 
mony of these finds can' have little value 
in chronology, since the age of the de- 
posits inclosing them remains in doubt. 
From the Glacial gravels proper there 
has been recovered a single object to 
which weight as evidence of human pres- 
ence during their accumulation is at- 
tached; this is a tubular bone, regarded 
as part of a human femur and said to 
show glacial strise and traces of human 
workmanship, found at a depth of 21 feet. 
On this object the claim for the Glacial 
antiquity of man in the Delaware valley 
and on the Atlantic slope practically rests 
(Putnam, Mercer, Wright, Abbott, Hrd- 
licka, Holmes). Other finds e. of the 
Alleghenies lacking scientific verification 
furnish no reliable index of time. In 
a post-Glacial terrace on the s. shore 
of Lake Ontario the remains of a hearth 
were discovered at a depth of 22 feet 
by Mr Tomlinson in digging a well, ap- 
parently indicating early aboriginal oc- 
cupancy of the St Lawrence basin (Gil- 
bert). From the Glacial or immediately 
post-Glacial deposits of Ohio a number 
of articles of human workmanship have 
been reported: A grooved ax from a 
well 22 feet beneath the surface, near 
New London (Claypole) ; a chipped ob- 
ject of waster type at Newcomerstown, 
at a depth of 16 feet in Glacial gravels 
(Wright, Holmes); chipped stones in 
gravels, one at Madison ville at a depth of 
8 feet, and another at Loveland at a depth 
of 30 feet (Metz, Putnam, Wright, 
Holmes). At Little Falls, Minn., flood- 
plain deposits of sand and gravel are 
found to contain many artificial objects of 
quartz. This flood plain is believed by 
some to have been finally abandoned by 
the Mississippi well back toward the close 
of the Glacial period in the valley 
(Brower, Winchell, Upham), but that 
these finds warrant definite conclusions 
as to time is seriously questioned by 
Chamberlin. In a Missouri r. bench near 
Lansing, Ivans., portions of a human 
skeleton were recently found at a depth 
of 20 feet, but geologists are not agreed 
as to the age of the formation (see Lan- 
sing Man). At Clayton, Mo., in a de- 
posit: believed to belong to the loess, at a 
depth of 14 feet, a well-finished grooved 
ax was found (Peterson). In the Basin 
Range region between the Rocky mts. and 
the Sierras, two discoveries that seem to 
bear on the antiquity of human occupancy 
have been reported: In a silt deposit in 
Walker r. valley, Nev., believed to be of 
Glacial age, an obsidian implement was 
obtained at a depth of 25 feet (McGee); 
at Nampa, Idaho, a clay image is reported, 
to have been brought up by a sand pump 
from a depth of 320 feet in alternating 
beds of clay and quicksand underlying a 
lava flow of late Tertiary or early Glacial 
age (Wright, Emmons; see Nampa Im- 
age) . Questions are raised by a number 
of geologists respecting the value of these 
finds (McGee). The most extraordinary 
discoveries of human remains in.connec- 
tion with geological formations are those 
from the auriferous gravels of California 
( Whitney, Holmes) . These finds are nu- 
merous and are reported from many local- 
ities and from deposits covering a wide 
range of time. So convincing did the evi- 
dence appear to Whitney, state geologist 
of California from 1860 to 1874, that he 
accepted without hesitation the conclu- 
sion that man had occupied the auriferous 
gravel region during pre-Glacial time, and 
other students of the subject still regard 
the testimony as convincing; but consid- 
eration of the extraordinary nature of the 
conclusions dependent on this evidence 
should cause even the most sanguine ad- 
vocate of great human antiquity in Amer- 
ica tohesitate (see Calaveras Man ) . Geolo- 
gists are practically agreed that the grav- 
els from which some at least of therelics of 
man are said to come are of Tertiary age. 
These relics represent a polished-stone 
culture corresponding closely to that of 
the modern tribes of the Pacific slope. 
Thus, man in America must have passed 
through the savage and well into the 
barbarous stage while the hypothetical 
earliest representative of the human race 
in the Old World, Pithecanthropus erectus 
of Dubois, was still running wild in the 
forests of Java, a half-regenerate Simian. 
Furthermore, the acceptance of the aurif- 
erous-gravel testimony makes it necessary 
to place the presence of man in America 
far back toward the beginning of the Ter- 
tiary age, a period to be reckoned not in 
tens but in hundreds of thousands of 
years. (See Smithson. Rep. for 1899.) 
These and other equally striking consid- 
