erations suggest the wisdom of formulating 
conclusions with the utmost caution. 
Caves and rock shelters representing 
various periods and offering dwelling 
places to the tribes that have come and 
gone, may reasonably be expected to con- 
tain traces of the peoples of all periods of 
occupancy; but the deposits forming their 
floors, with few exceptions, have not 
been very fully examined, and up to the 
present time ' have furnished no very 
tangible evidence of the presence of men 
beyond the limited period of the Ameri- 
can Indian as known to us. The Uni- 
versity of California has conducted exca- 
vations in .a cave in the n. part of the 
state, and the discovery of bones that 
appear to have been shaped by human 
hands, associated with fossil fauna that 
probably represent early Glacial times, 
has been reported (Sinclair); but the re- 
sult is not decisive. The apparent ab- 
sence or dearth of ancient human remains 
in the caves of the country furnishes one 
of the strongest reasons for critically ex- 
amining all testimony bearing on antiq- 
uity about which reasonable doubt can 
be raised. It is incredible that primitive 
man should have inhabited a country of 
caverns for ages without resorting at 
some period to their hospitable shelter; 
but research in this field is hardly begun, 
and evidence of a more conclusive nature 
may yet be forthcoming. 
In view of the extent of the researches 
carried on in various fields with the object 
•of adducing evidence on which to base a 
scheme of human chronology in America, 
decisive results are surprisingly meager, 
and the finds so far made, reputed to 
represent a vast period of time stretching 
forward from the middle Tertiary to the 
present, are characterized by so many de- 
fects of observation and record and so 
many apparent incongruities, biological, 
geological, and cultural, that the task of 
thechronologistisstilllargely before him. 
For archeological investigations and 
scientific discussion relating to the an- 
tiquity of man within the limits of the 
United States, see Abbott (1) in Proc. 
Boston Sob. Nat. Hist.,xxm, 1888, (2) in 
Proc. A. A. A. S., xxxvii, 1888; Allen, 
Prehist. World, 1885; Bancroft, Native 
Races, iv, 1882; Becker in Bull. Geol. 
Soc. Am., n, 1891; Blake in Jour. Geol., 
vn, no. 7, 1899; Brower, Memoirs, v, 
1902; Chamberlin (1) in Jour. Geol., x, 
no. 7, 1902, (2) in The Dial, 1892; Clay- 
pole in Am. Geol., xvm, 1896; Dali (1) in 
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, (2) in 
Cont. N. Am. Ethnol., i, 1877; Emmons 
in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.., xxrv, 
1889; Farrand, Basis of Am. Plist., 1904; 
Foster, Prehist. Races, 1878; Fowke, 
Archeol. Hist. Ohio, 1902; Gilbert in Am. 
Anthrop., ii, 1889; Haynes in Winsor, 
Narr. and Crit. Hist. Am., i, 1889; 
Holmes (1) in Rep. Smithson. Inst. 1899, 
1901, (2) ibid. 1902, 1908, (3) in Jour. 
Geol., i, nos. 1, 2, 1893, (4) in Am. Geol., 
xi, no. 4, 1893, (5) in Science, Nov. 25, 
1892, and Jan. 25, 1893; Hrdlicka (1) in 
Am. Anthrop., n. s., v, no. 2, 1903, (2) in 
Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., xvi, 1902; 
Kurnmel in Proc. A. A. A. S., xlvi, 1897; 
Lapham in Smithson. Cont,., vii, 1855; 
Lewis, ibid., xxix, 1880; McGee (1) in 
Am. Anthrop., ii, no. 4, 1889; v, no. 4, 
1892; vi, no. 1, 1893, (2) in Pop. Sci. 
Mo., Nov., 1888, (3) in Am. Antiq., 
xiii, no. 7, 1891; Mercer (1) in Proc. A. 
A. A. S., xlvi, 1897, (2) in Am. Nat., 
xxvn, 1893, (3) in Pubs. Univ. of Pa., 
vi, 1897; Morse in Proc. A. A. A. S., 
XXXIII, 1884; Munro, A roll geol. and False 
Antiq., 1905; Nadaillac, Prehist. America, 
1884; Peterson in Records of Past, ii, pt. 
1,1903; Powell in The Forum, 1890; Put- 
nam (1) in Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 
xxi, 1881-83; xxm,M885-88, (2) in Pea- 
body Mus. Reps., ix-xxxvii, 1876-1904, 
(3) in Proc. A. A. A. S., xlvi, 1897, (4) 
in Rep. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1899, 1900; 
Salisbury (1) in Proc. A. A. A. S., xlvi, 
1897, (2) in Science, Dec. 31,1897; Shaler 
in Peabody Mus. Rep., ii, no. 1, 1877; 
Sinclair in Pub. Univ. Cal., ii, no. 1, 
1904; Skertchley in Jour. Anthrop. Inst., 
xvii, 1888; Squier and Davis, Smithson. 
Cont., i, 1848; Thomas (1) Hist. N. Am., 
ii, 1904, (2) in 12th Rep. B. A. E., 1894,. 
(3) Int.rod. Study of N. Am. Arch., 1903; 
Upham in Science, Aug., 1902; Whitney, 
Auriferous Gravels of the Sierra Nevada, 
1879; Williston in Science, Aug., 1902; 
Winchell (1) in Am. Geol., Sept., 1902, 
(2) in Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., xiv, 1903; 
Wright, (1) Man and the Glacial Period, 
1895, (2) Ice Age, 1889, (3) in Pop. Sci. 
Mo., May, 1893, (4) in Proc. Boston Soc. 
Nat. Hist., xxiii, 1888, (5) in Rec. of the 
Past, ii, 1903; iv, 1905; Wyman in Mem. 
Peabody Acad. Sci., i, no. 4, 1875. 
The progress of opinion and research 
relating to the origin, antiquity, and early 
history of the American tribes is recorded 
in a vast body of literature fully cited, 
until within recent years, by Bancroft in 
Native Races, iv, 1882, and Haynes in 
Winsor’s Narrative and Critical History, 
i, 1884. (w. h. ii.) 
Antler. See Bone-work. 
Anu. The Red-ant clan of the Ala 
(Horn) phratry of the Hopi. 
An-namu. — Voth, Traditions of the Hopi, 37, 1905. 
A'-riii wiin-wii,— Fewkes in Am. Anthrop., vii, 
401, 1894 (wiin-wil=‘ clan' ) . 
Anuenes (Anue'nes). A gens of the 
Nanaimo. — Boas in 5th Rep. N. W. 
Tribes, 32, 1889, 
Anvik. A Kaiyuhkhotana village at 
the junction of Anvik and Yukon rs., 
Alaska. Pop. in 1844, 120; in 1880, 95; 
