primary purpose was proWjly that oi 
hatchet, but in one shape or another the 
served as adzes, chisels, scrapers, ski 
ning knives, meat cutters, and weapon' 
Many have the surface roughened l 
pecking at the top, which was inserted i 
a cavity cut in a wooden club and secure 
with gum or glue; in others, this roug 1 
ening was around the middle, to give 
firmer grip to a withe handle; still othe:' 
wrapped perhaps in a piece of bucks!; 
or some such substance to prevent sli > 
ping, were held in the hand. Some spc 
mens were set in the end of a short pit 
of bone or antler, which, in turn, acti. . 
as a buffer, was attached to a handle 
wood in the fashion of a hatchet, an ad 
or a plane. The smallest specimens, e 
pecially those made of hematite whi< 
usually have the scraper-form edg wei 
similarly set in the end of a longer pie 
of bone or antler, and used as knives o 
scrapers. Celts, in their various pattern 
were among the most important imp! 
ments known to primitive man. 
Celts made of flint, jasper, and oth< 
brittle stone are shaped mainly by flal 
ing. In most, the edge is more or lei 
sharpened by grinding, and sometimes tl 
entire implement is partially smoothe 
in the same way. They are conrmo 
along the Atlantic coast, where argillil 
and rhyolite are easily procured; and tl 
same is true of the Kanawha vallej 
where the black flint outcrops so abut 
dantly. Along the Mississippi r., in Ai 
kansas and Mississippi, are found numei 
ous specimens which have been chippe 
from yellow jasper and then ground unit 
the angles formed by the facets are nearl 
obliterated and the lower part of tl 
blade attains a high degree of polls' 
These are mostly small, and approac 
more closely the European celts wit 
rectangular section than any others fount 
in America. They are sometimes classei 
with chisels. See Adzes , Axes, Chisels 
Copper , Hatchets, Stone-work, Tomahawks 
Celts are described or briefly re ferret 
to and illustrated in numerous works 01 
archeologic subjects. Among these ai 
Abbott, Prim. Indus., 1881; Fowke (1 
Archacol. Hist. Ohio, 1902, (2) in 13t: 
Iiep. P. A. E., 1896; Holmes in 15th Rep 
B. A. E., 1897; Jones, Antiq. So. Inds. 
1873; Moore, various memoirs in Jour 
Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1894-1905; Moore 
head, Prehist. Impls. , 1900; Rau in Smith 
son. Cont., xxir, 1876; Thruston, Antiq 
Tenn., 1897. (g. f. w. h. h. ) 
Cements.— The Indians used cements o 
animal, vegetal, and mineral origin, anc 
sometimes combined two of these or addec 
mineral substances for coloring. Anima 
cement was obtained by the Yokuts o 
California by boiling the joints of various 
animals and combining the product w T itl 
