DISEASES OF TREES PRODUCED BY INSECTS. 
25 
stripping the trees bare. After injury by the nun caterpillar the trees 
seem to suffer most in the secoud year following the damage. 
The new growth of the fir generally sends out only very short needles, 
which remain as brush shoots (Fig. 3.) In the pine there arises after 
defoliation from lateral buds u rosette shoots," i. e., very short, persist- 
ing growths bearing dense, short, broad, and serrate (gesagte) single 
needles (Fig. 4). But on the other hand cases occur, when many buds 
are destroyed, where the remaining remnant of the entire sap-stream is 
used and the organs formed out of it, i. e., needles or leaves become 
unusually large, as for example in the ordinary pine, in which case the 
leaves bear three needles. 
Fig. 3. Lateral twig of a fir eaten by nun cater- 
pillars in 1856. which in 1858 only produced 
"brush needles." After Ratzeburg. 
Fig. 4. Rosette shoot on the pine. After 
Ratzeburg. 
Similar relations are observed in the helve oak attacked by Orchestes, 
Generally the first growth seems to grow straight on and resist the in- 
jury arising from the laying of the eggs by the female of this leaping 
weevil, and the injured leaves are crumpled, but such leaves on the 
Johaunis growth (Johannistriebe) become unusually large and abnor- 
mally formed, while those situated on the summit entirely assume their 
normal shape. 
The origin of repaired parts from representative indefinite growths is 
very general. — The clearest example is afforded by pines deprived by 
Eetinia buoliana of their terminal shoots. In this case there grows out 
after a certain time a shoot of the uppermost branch (Quirles), which 
now becomes the terminal shoot, though in growing up there is acrum- 
bliug of the stem in the place under consideration. 
For the formation of mostly abnormally shaped organs which have 
been replaced from sleeping bud^, the pine affords the best example. 
From the usually dormant sheathing- buds on the point of origin of the 
short shoot pccurrjiig' between every two pine needles, are developed 
