REMEDIES AGAINST BARK-BEETJ.ES. 29 
cated in places and .otherwise wounded, so that the beetles can gnaw 
into the wood or inner bark, lay their eggs, and thus finally form brood- 
galleries. 
Eichhoff asks the pertinent question: " How do great numbers of 
bark-beetles pass into regions where perhaps before they were scarcely 
known by name ? For example, at the end of a period of fifty years, 
-all at once Tomicus curvidens appeared in the Botanic Garden of the 
University of Vienna, and were very destructive to different exotic 
cedars, larches, etc., afterwards attacking white firs, which contained 
numbers of the beetles. 
The bark-borers, especially Tomicus typographies, belong to those in- 
sects which sometimes produce extensive devastations by immigration 
from without. According to a German writer they doubtless migrate 
for short distances, since not seldom there result local destruction of 
groups of firs when previously no bark-borers were to be seen. It is 
also certain that forests previously entirely free from bark-beetles be- 
come infested by bark-beecles bred in wood and lumber yards. It is 
difficult and questionable how far such an immigration may extend. 
An example of an extensive emigration of Tomicus typographus is 
afforded by H. Tiedemann in the province of Mshny-Novgorod. 
In the midst of an imperial forest of about 2,500 ha lying in the district Arsamass, 
and composed almost exclusively of hard-wood trees, occur two fir-growths of 50, 
perhaps 60, ha in extent. In both there was no windfalls, no burnt areas, but a good 
close growth in which no bark-borers had appeared. Suddenly in the year 1883 the 
bark -borers were so numerous that 2,000 fir trunks at once fell, and had to have the 
bark stripped off and burnt. The appearance of the bark-beetles is in this case only 
to be explained by their flying into this area. The nearest fir-growths are from 15 
to 20 kilometers distant, and those of sufficient size to afford time for the infection of 
the fir-growths in question, about 50 kilometers distant. 
Perhaps the best method o preventing or stopping the work of bark- 
beetles is that of a Frenchman, M. Robert, given in the Gardener's 
Chronicle and quoted by Miss Ormerod: 
The best remedy appears to be that adopted with great success in France by M. 
Robert, after careful observation of the circumstances which stopped the operations 
of the female beetle when gnawing her gallery for egg-laying, or which disagreed 
with or destroyed the maggots, and is based in part on similar observations of the 
effect of flow of sap to those noticed in England by Dr. Chapman. 
It appeared on examination that the grubs died if they were not well protected 
from the drying action of the air; on the other hand, if there was a very large 
amount of sap in the vegetable tissues that they fed ou, this also killed them ; and 
it was observed that when the female was boring through the bark, if a flow of sap 
took place she abandoned the spot and went elsewhere. It was also noticed that the 
attack (that is, the boring of the galleries which separates much of the bark from 
the wood) is usually under thick old bark, such as that of old elm trunks rather 
than under the thinuer bark of the branches. Working on these observations, M. 
Robert had strips of about two inches wide cut out of the bark from the large 
boughs down the trunk to the ground, and it was found that where the young bark 
pressed forward to heal the wound and a vigorous flow of sap took place that-many 
of the maggots near it were killed, the bark which had not been entirely undermined 
was consolidated, and the health of the tree was improved. 
