276 FIFTH REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. 
such numbers in 1865, passed a second winter, that of 1867, at a meau depth in the 
soil of forty-one hundredths of a meter, or nearly a foot and a half. The thermome- 
ter placed in the ground (which was covered with snow), at this meau depth, never 
rose to 38 P. as minimum. Thus the larva- survived after being perfectly frozen 
(probably most subterranean larva) are thus frozen, and thaw out in the spring at 
the approach of warm weather). In June, 1867, the grnbfl having become full fed, 
made their way upwards to a mean distance of about thirteen inches below the sur- 
face, where, in less than two months, they all changed to the pupa state, and in 
( kstobei and November the perfect beetle appeared. The beetles, however, hibernate, 
remaining below the surface for a period of tive or six months and appearing in April 
and May. The immature larva), warned by the approaching cold, began to migrate 
deep down in the soil in October, when the temperature of the earth was ten degrees 
above zero. As soon as the snow melted they gradually rose towards the surface. 
As regards the time aud mode of laying the eggs, we quote from 
Dr. Lockwood as follows : 
On the eveuing of the 13th June last we caught in the drug store, Keyport, 
whither they were attracted by the profusion of light, four Cotalpas, representing 
both sexes. These were taken home and well cared for. On the 16th a pair coupled. 
Ajar of earth was at once provided aud the beetles placed on top of the dirt. In 
the evening the female burrowed and disappeared. Near midnight she had not 
returned to the surface ; next morning she had re-appeared. The earth was then 
very carefully taken from the jar, and, as removed, was inspected with a glass of 
wide field but low power. Fourteen eggs were found, not laid (as we expected) in 
one spot or group, but singly and at different depths. I was surprised at their great 
size. Laid lengthwise, end touching end, two eggs measured very nearly three-six- 
teenths of an inch. They were like white wax, semi- translucent ; in form, long- 
ovoid and perfectly symmetrical. On the 13th of July one had hatched; the grub 
was well formed and very lively. Its dimensions were about five-sixteenths of an 
inch in length and about three-thirtieths of an inch in thickuess. It was a dull 
white, the head plate precisely that dull yellow seen in the adult grub, the legs the 
same color, and the extremity of the abdomen lead color, the skin being transparent. 
For food a sod of white clover (Trifolium repens) was given them, roots downward, 
knowing that the young larvaB would come upward to eat. They were then left 
undisturbed until August 19, when the sod was removed, and it was found that 
the grubs had eaten into it, thus making little oval chambers, which were enlarged 
as the eating went on. They were carefully picked out and a fresh sod of grass and 
clover supplied. They had now grown five-eighths of an inch in length, preserving 
the same colors. 
It is quite possible that a few of the eggs escaped me in the search. I am of 
opinion, however, that from fifteen to twenty is the average number laid by one 
beetle. In short, the insect lays her eggs in the night, probably not more than 
twenty. The hatching of these required in the present instance twenty-seven 
days. It must be remembered that a large portion of this time was remarkably 
cold and wet. It is almost certain that with favorable thermal conditions this might 
be lessened fully seven days. 
49. Graptodera carinata (Germ.). 
Regarding the habits of this beetle, Mr. W. L. Devereaux writes us 
as follows : 
I do not remember taking any of Graptodera chalybea on the elm except when the 
tree was a supporter of a grapevine or else in close proximity to one. There is a 
Graptodera occurring quite plentifully on elm foliage, however. It is of a greenish 
hue. I deem it G. carinata. 
