Chapter XV. 
INSECTS INJURIOUS TO THE PINE. 
Pin us strobus, P. rigida, etc. 
The Dumber of species here recorded as living on the pines alone 
amounts to from 165 to L70, while the total number will probably prove 
to be nearly double that given. Kaltenbach in his work on Plant 
Insect-enemies does not separate those of the pine from those of the 
spruce, fir, and larch, but " lumps" them all together under one head, 
whether peculiar to the pine, the fir, or the larch. This is a mistake, 
although, as is well known, a large proportion of the insects which are 
known in this country to prey upon the pine also occur on the spruce 
and fir, as well as the hemlock and larch ; yet a goodly number of spe- 
cies live exclusively on one kind of tree, notably some of those found 
on the hackmatack or larch. We have, therefore, been careful to record 
the insects of each tree separately. 
Kaltenbach in his u pine" insects enumerates two hundred and 
ninety-nine species, of which there are one hundred and thirty Cole- 
optera, but of these about twenty species are carnivorous beetles, which 
for the most part prey on the borers, or are scavengers, and should not 
have been placed among the plant-eaters, but in a separate note or 
appendix by themselves. A large proportion of the borers are Scoly- 
tids, over twenty species being enumerated, besides about forty species 
of the weevil family. Of longicorn borers there are in Europe about 
twenty species. The Buprestids are less numerous apparently than in 
North America, only five species being mentioned, while as in this coun- 
try few species of leaf-beetles prey on coniferous trees, their leaves 
being hard and apparently lacking in nourishment for such beetles, 
which prefer the more succulent leaves of hard-wood trees. 
Of European pine-caterpillars Kaltenbach enumerates seventy-one 
species, none of them being those of butterflies: the proportion of silk- 
worms (Bombyces). span-worms, or Geometrids, and of leaf-rollers is 
much as in Xorth America; of the Tineids only twelve species are re- 
ported as feeding on these conifers, and we have called attention to 
the very small number which occur on coniferous trees in the United 
States. 
The species of saw-flies which infest the coniferous trees of Europe, 
as on this continent, form a numerous company. Kaltenbach enumer- 
ating thirty-eight:. Only six flies (Diptera) are mentioned; while the 
