PINE BUTTERFLIES. 765 
percentage does not appear to be very large, although they are numerically numer- 
ous, at least I judge so from the following observations. The normal color of the 
pupa is pale green. All those pupating on the needles of the young pines or shrubby 
plants in the underbrush were of this color, a close search failing to reveal an excep- 
tion, while the larger proportion of those on the bark of the large trees were blackish 
brown. An examination of a number of these makes it probable that they are all 
diseased, not a few containing a larva either dipterous or hymeuopterous, certainly 
the latter in one case at least (one pupa contained a large ichneumon nearly ready to 
emerge, which was accidentally killed). It is somewhat strange that all these dark 
pupae should occur on the bark of large trees. May it not be that their diseased con- 
dition had prevented the secretion of silk, and that being thus prevented from drop- 
ping to the ground in the usual way they had wandered part of the way down the 
tree before the final change, their restlessness being due to the same cause ? 
Probable damage to the forest. — While the affected trees, at a casual glance, look 
dead and are evidently considered by the settler to be killed, it is still an open ques- 
tion whether they are really so. It is true the foliage is gone and the tree must have 
an impaired vitality, but as long as the terminal bud remains untouched the tree 
would partially recover itself in the ensuing spring unless again stripped of its 
scanty covering. In this case it is probable death would ensue. What remedial 
measures can be adopted it is too soon to say. Observations should be carried on for 
the balance of the season, and I have suggested the propriety of this course to Pro- 
fessor Pumpelly, who is at the head of the North Transcontinental Survey. 
That such an increase of this butterfly is extremely rare, or that if it does occur 
frequently it is not fatal to the trees, is proved by the otherwise healthy condition of 
the timber. The number of trees which may be put down as absolutely dead, but 
yet standing, is very small, and the fallen trees are practically absent, even in the 
worst districts. I am therefore in hopes that the plague is only temporary and the 
damage more imaginary than actual. 
(Unfortunately my pupae were killed in transit by the breakage of a bottle of chlo- 
roform, so that I have failed to raise their parasitic contents.) 
Technical notes. — Mr. Henry Edwards has given a good description of the pupa in the 
Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, but was not acquainted with 
the larva. I therefore add a description of the mature form. I have not Mr. W. H. 
Edwards's figure of the male for reference, but know that it must be good. 
Mr. Streckei J s figure of the female reminds me of specimens I have seen from Cali- 
fornia, though it is roughly drawn, but it does not resemble a single female among 
those taken on this trip. Indeed, when I first took the female I made the suggestion 
that we had found a new species, as there was no trace of red on the secondaries 
beneath, and the predominant color was black. Not having types before me for 
comparison, I am unable to determine whether or not the insect now under considera- 
tion is worthy of a special name, and I therefore add a full description of both sexes 
for future reference. 
Description of imago. — Head and body black above, with white hairs, the latter 
white beneath. Palpi yellowish, with fringe of black hairs ; antennae black. 
Male. — Primaries pure white, with jet-black markings as follows: Fringes white ; 
a black costal streak, narrowest at the base, extending to the discal vein, at which 
point it is suddenly bent inwards and extends over the discal vein to the median nerv- 
ules. A black apical patch deeply three-notched inwardly, and cut square off on 
the second median nervule, containing five white spots ; the costal one small, the 
second long and ovate, the third and fifth about the size of that on the costa, the 
fourth minute. 
Secondaries pure white, with a few black scales at the base of the me.dian vein; 
and sometimes in specimens which are very dark beneath there are visible portions 
of the submarginal band, as seen beneath. 
Beneath, the primaries show the same general markings, but the white spots in 
