THE JUNIPER BARK-BORERS. 
905 
black spots or large dots at the end of some of the galleries, as seen in 
the engraving. The holes may open out straight through the bark 
as usual, or sometimes obliquely. The galleries in May are closely 
packed with the excrement or castings of the worms, which is tan 
color or the color of the bark, showing that the insects, though sink- 
ing their galleries a little way into the wood, as proved by the 
shallow grooves they make in the wood, for the most part burrow 
through the inner bark, thus loosening it from the wood and causing 
it to peel off. 
The secondary galleries of the 
same cell rarely cross each other, 
unless owing to a knot in the trunk 
or to other irregularities in the wood ; 
but, as seen on the right side of the 
engraving, one may make a turn and 
directly cross four or five others, or 
one from an adjacent mine may cross 
the galleries of another mine. As a 
rule, however, the mines of the 
juniper bark- borer are beautifully 
regular, and the wood very prettily 
sculptured. 
I have little doubt but that this is 
the beetle, as it agrees with it in color 
and size, which I found in consider- 
able numbers under the bark of the 
cedar or Thuja occidentalism in north- 
ern Maine in 1861. The dead cedars 
were much infested with these bee- 
tles, while they were not noticed in 
upright, healthy trees. 
Mr. Warren Knaus states that in 
Kansas this bark-borer is very de- 
structive to junipers and arbor vitae. 
. Fig. 299.— Mine of the juniper bark-borer. 
Lnis msect was first noticed in Salina Packard del. 
in the summer and fall of 1884, attacking 
the junipers on the grounds of a number of the residents of the city. They were- 
then in great numbers, many trees having been entirely destroyed, and others badly 
injured. The damage was done entirely by the perfect beetle, no larvae having been 
observed. The injury was almost invariably confined to the base of the lateral off- 
shoots of the branches of the tree, the beetle burrowing under the bark, and eating 
around the base of the twig, causing its destruction. Every twig from the trunk 
outward would be attacked,, and a few burrows were also observed on the stems or 
trunks of the trees themselves. No primary gallery of the perfect insect has been 
found to exceed three-quarters of an inch in length. I have found no secondary or 
larval galleries. 
Packard, in his "Insects Injurious to Forest and Shade Trees," says he has observed 
