JACKDAW. 
235 
districts. They swarm in Carinthia and Croatia, 
in Holland they appear only in winter and autumn, 
and out of Europe, he states, they are very com- 
mon in Japan. 
The head, throat, wings, and tail black, the 
rest of the plumage clear smoke gray, having the 
shaft of each feather black, and the centre rather 
darker. In the mule specimens the gray parts 
of the back and under parts are indicated by the 
edges of the feathers being narrowly margined 
with gray. 
The Jackdaw, Corvus monedola. — Corvus 
monedula, Linn. 8?c . — The Jackdaw of British 
authors This species is of a more familiar 
nature than any of the preceding, and in all the 
cultivated districts of Europe where it abounds, 
it lives as freely in the midst of the most popu- 
lous cities, as in its natural wild localities. In 
noticing the manners of a bird such as the Jack- 
daw, we are often at a loss to describe what they 
are in a state of wildness, for we cannot say that 
the belfreys of churches, or the chimneys of 
houses, are their natural breeding stations ; and 
with a few other of our native birds, their habits 
have been so associated with cultivation, that by 
many they have never been observed in their 
really wild and original state. 
The Jackdaw, as known over the greatest por- 
tion of the British islands, is one of our most 
forward and familiar birds, frequenting ruined' 
