ROOK. 
245 
summer and autumn their food is not sought 
where this would be a hindrance, and by the 
time the fallows are turned up, and the fields 
bare, the plumage near the bill is in a state not 
to be incommoded. 
The Rook is subject to Variety, entirely white, 
of a sienna colour of different degrees of intensity, 
and often beautifully pied. 
In the next form which is now considered as 
entitled to a sub-generic appellation, after being 
long since placed by Brisson as such, and again 
withdrawn and replaced according to differing 
views of his followers, we have a continuation of 
the habits of the lesser or weaker true Crows, but in 
conjunction with a lengthened tail, and very short 
wings, of which the first quill is rather abruptly 
narrowed towards the tip. In consequence, they 
do not possess the power of a strong or often 
soaring flight, as among the former, but proceed 
in jerking curves, and with a short often repeated 
stroke. The colours of the plumage are brighter 
and more contrasted. They live in pairs, or 
assemble in parties to the amount of the broods 
of the past year. Their habits are arboreal, at 
the same time they are partial to the vicinity of 
cultivation. Very few species are known ; those 
which were formerly included being now sepa- 
rated among other genera. 
Pica, Brisson — Generic characters . — Bill and 
feet as in corvus ; tail much lengthened and 
