8 BULLBTI M'KIMMKM - 
veterinarian. If a veterinarian is n«»t available the owner must use 
bis <»wn judgment in determining whether be can recognize the 
trouble and administer the remedy. 
The most common method 01 administering remedies used by 
stockmen Lb drenching or giving the medicine as a solution from a 
Long-necked bottle, by way of the mouth. The animal should remain 
on all four legs with the head held horizontally and in line with 
the body. The practice of elevating the head as high as possible, 
twisting the neck, closing the nostrils, and then pouring the drench 
rapidly into the mouth may result in all or part of the solution going 
into tie.- Lungs and either drowning the animal or producing 
pneumonia. 
Pasting or withholding food for a certain Length of time (p. 13) 
before and after the administration of worm remedies is quite im- 
portant and should not be neglected. The bulk of the conter: 
the digestive tract is thereby reduced, thus allowing the dru. 
reach the parasites more certainly and effectively. A program of 
regular treatments should be adopted. The usual procedure for the 
parasites of calves and goats is to dose once a month or more often 
if necessary. Judgment based on experience is more valuable than 
any general rule. 
OTHER CONTROL MEASURES 
From the standpoint of parasites and diseases, calves and all 
young animals should be separated from older animals when they 
are a few days old and should not come in contact with them. Older 
animals carry and spread parasites and diseases, and the areas 
occupied by them are infested. The local custom of allowing calve- 
to start the milk flow and to strip the udder of their dams during 
the entire lactation period is a poor dairy practice and dangerou- to 
the calf. Goats, both young and old. should not be brought into 
contact with calves, as goats are usually infested with stomach worms 
and other worms common to calves. Stray animals may be another 
source of infestation. 
Calves up to 3 or 4 weeks of age should be kept in individual pens, 
and may then be placed in larger pens with other calves of the same 
age. Calves raised in the wet coastal area should not be placed on 
pasture until they are at least 1 year of age. At this age a healthy 
calf seems to have gained sufficient resistance to the roundworm 
that very little injury is caused by them. However, if calves of 
this age or older are for any reason in poor physical condition, their 
resistance is reduced and they may suffer from intestinal paras 
The practice of placing caives less than 1 year of age on pasture 
and treating them regularly with anthelmintics every few weeks has 
not been successful. The calves usually become heavily infested with 
injurious worms, such as lungworms and nodular worms, which are 
not readily destroyed by treatment. A few dairymen have avoided 
the difficulties of raising calves in the wet coastal areas by placing 
the animals on pastures in the dry areas or mountain sections. 
The pens and exercising yards for calves should be cleaned every 
day in order to prevent the development of parasite eggs and larvae 
in them. A supply of fresh clean water should be available at all 
times. Salt and a mineral mixture should be provided. The latter 
