77 0 
THE FIELD. 
though the issue was left to he decided by seven only 
Bessie must have lost much of her spring form, or she 
would never have allowed the l’olo Star to be iu the ascend- 
ant for the “ Wrottesly ; ” 5 to 1 was betted against the 
winner, while there were layers of 2 to 1 on the favourite. 
The victors. Amalgamation and Newbold, were bowled out 
by Lurley for the "Holy oake Stakes, the filly receiving 111b 
from one, and 19lb from the other. Sensible as was the 
difference of weight it enabled her only just to pull through. 
Amalgamation M as subsequently backed for the “ Ebor " at 
32 to 1. On the whole Wolverhampton may be said to have 
terminated to the satisfaction of most parties ; certainly to 
that of the fielders, who had a tolorably rosy time of it. 
Egham was hardly itself this year, though the sport and 
attendance on Wednesday evinced a considerable improve- 
ment on the first day. Sleeping Partner was sufficiently 
wide-awake to keep his brace of opponents at a respectful 
distance, for the Surrey and Middlesex Stakes. Saucebox, 
weary, perhaps, of running second and third, contrived to 
score a couple of creditable successes to bis owner's nccount. 
The Miami filly carried out the confidence of her backers, 
by bearing away the Barons’ Stakes in a style that showed 
her superiority. She has achieved distinction, and is now 
certainly worthy of a name. Her dam’s was that of the 
heroine in a still popular drama ; and the nomenclature of 
the daughter might, without any violation of good taste, 
proceed from the same source. The Black Swan, running 
third for the Town Plate, won the Queen’s guineas, an hour 
afterwards, with consummate ease — W inkfield and Banstead 
the only horses backed. This same Swan must be the 
veritable rara avis that we encountered in the Eton grammar 
during our schoolboy-days. 
The mystery of the St. Leger, instead of clearing off, ap- 
pears to thicken. King Tom, long on the totter, has suddenly 
slipped into the shade, though we trust not irrevocably. 
But rumour will have it that the 4 leg ’ will not admit of liis 
training. Acrobat, having been unceremoniously seut to 33 
to 1 last week, is now in force at 12 to 1. Dervish remains 
much as before : and, if his friends be not over- warm, his 
opponents are certainly rathec. faint-hearted. Champagne 
is moving tip from the outside division. It could hardly 
be expected that the great discrepancy in the market 
between him and liis head-anddiead antagonist, Scythian, 
should continue. So many horses about the same figure is a 
remarkable event. It looks, at the present moment, marvel- 
lously like 10 to 1 on the field. But, the must may be dis- 
pelled in the coming week. 
All attention is now directed to the York Meeting. The 
unusual dulness of speculation is exemplified by the fact 
that, though upwards of fifteen hundred sovereigns, public 
money, are added to the races, no event has been touched, 
save tho Ebor Handicap. And even for this, but few horses 
have been backed. Heapy stands pre-eminent in public 
favour; aud, looking to the Goodwood running, must, if 
meant, be very near winning. Tros, but half prepared for 
Sussex, may prove after all bis most formidable opponent. 
Hermit is a good horse and much fancied, but it may be 
questionable whether he can concede 231b to Lord Zetland’s 
nag over a two-mile course. 
John Scott will, in all probability, sweep off some of the 
best things of the week— the great Yorkshire Stakes being 
one of the most likely. Dervish and Acrobat are in the race, 
but we f.mcy the latter Mill be the champion of the stable. 
Both are also engaged in the North and South of England 
Biennial Stakes. This valuable prize was carried off la«t 
year by Moray as, at Goodwood, Mho beat Dervish by three 
parts of a length ; King Tom finishing a head from the latter. 
That Marayas should again prove the victor is more than 
problematical. Gneculus Esurieus is among the large entry 
of 103 for the Convivial Stakes, but his appearance, so 
eagerly looked for, may still be delayed. Should he, how- 
ever, join the issue with Dirk Hatteraick, the contest will be 
watched with no little anxiety. 
The different items of the attractive list proffered at this 
famous gathering will be noticed by our correspondent, 
Toby Peeps, and, in liis endeavour to point out tho winners, 
we trust that his usual success will attend him. 
The other places that hold out promise of sport during 
the M-eek, though York must unavoidably throw them into 
the shade, are Barnsley, Bridgewater, Ongar, Yarmouth, 
Hereford, and Canterbury — the fine old city being un- 
usually gay at the present time. 
A Fast Horse.— Uncle Peter B., who flourished a few 
years ago among the mountains of Vermont, as an inveterate 
horse-dealer, was one day called upon by an amateur of the 
“ equine ” in search of “something fast. The result is told 
as follows in the Northern Gazette “ There," said Uncle P., 
pointing to an animal in a meadow beloM’ tho bouse, “ there, 
sir, there is a mare yonder, who would trot her mile in two 
minutes and twenty seconds, were it not for one thing.” 
“ Indeed !” cried his companion. “Yes,” continued Uncle 
Peter, 44 she is four years old this spring, is in good condi- 
dates of races. 
AUGUST.— Barnsley 21 
Bridgewutcr 22 
Bedford 19 
Leicester 2o 
Newport 21 
Manchester Autumn 2l 
Canterbury 
Chesterfield 26 
Chelmsford 29 
Northullerton 2a 
Perth 28 
i ruy < • - v(| 
Lincoln 31 
SEPTEMBER— Leith 1 
Clicadlc (Staffordshire) 4 
Bungay {* 
Warwick Jj 
Weymouth ‘ 
Lick field r 
Western Meeting ‘ 
Rochester and Chatham 7 
Marlborough 8 
Doncaster 12 
Tot ness 13 
Chester Autumn 3 
Shoreham 4 
Yorkshire Union Hunt 6 
Wrexham 6 
Newmarket Second October .... 0 
Royal Caledoniau Hunt 11 
Warwick Autumn 17 
Richmond • • • 18 
Newmarket Houghton Meeting. 23 
Worcester Autumn 31 
NOVEMBER. — Epsom Autumn 2 
Liverpool 7 
Pontefract 18 
Shrewsbury Autumn U 
STEEPLECHASES. 
NOVEMBER.— Cowbridgc Hunt 8 I OCTOBER. — Warwick 18 
Shrewsbury 16 1 
IRELAND. 
AUGUST.— Roscommon 22 
Kilcoek 21 
SEPTEMBER.— Currugh 6 
Jenkiustown Park 19 
Tuam 19 
Tramore Strand 31 
Roscommon 25 
Limerick 28 
OCTOBER.— Johnstown 3 
Cashel 10 
Curragh 1* 
Down Royal Corporation 24 
Fermov 24 
IRISH STEEPLECHASES. 
OCTOBER.— Tramoro 2 1 Limerick 24 
♦ 
TATTERSALL’S.— Monday. 
Several membors having loft town for Wolverhampton races, not a 
few for the moors and forest* In Scotland, and some to pursue holiday 
recreations on the Continent, tho attendance this afternoon was very 
scanty, and only a limited amount of business was transacted. Suffi- 
cient, however, was done to deprive King Tom of the lead for tho 
St. Leger, and to place Dervish and the Trapper first and second ; C to 
1 was taken about each of the two, and 7 to 1 laid against the King — 
700 to 100 and 350 to 50 were the last beta booked against him. Even 
money to £200 was laid between the Trapper anil Dervish. The 
investments outright In favour of Dervish exceeded £150 ; those on Tho 
Trapper were to a comparatively small sum. Scythian was hacked for 
upwards of £100 at 10 to 1, and 1C and 15 to 1 wore taken in poneys 
and tens about The Knight of SL George. Acrobat took a turn, and 
was again in force— 2,000 to 120 was booked in one Lot; other trans- 
actions at 15 and 1G to 1 were also jotted down. 
Gnat Ebor Handicap . — In the early part of the afternoon 7 to 1 was 
laid agst Heapy to £125, hut after It was made known that Newbold 
had won tho IVolverhampton Stakes, comparisons wero Instituted with 
regard to the running for tho Goodwood Stakes, and Heapy, in the 
course of a few minutes, rose amazingly in estimation ; towards tho 
conclusion of business 5 to 2 was taken in hundreds. 
Nothing else occurred worthy of particular comment. 
Great Ebor Handicap. 
B to 2 agst Heapy (t freely) | 10 to 1 agst Tros (t) 
St. Leger. 
0 to 1 agst Dervish (t and off) I 16 to 1 agst Acrobat (t) 
6 to 1 — TheTrapper<t&off) | 15 to 1 Hot. ofSt.Geoi-geft) 
7 to I King Tom ft) I 17 to 1 Middlesex (t) 
10 to 1 Scythian (t) I 
Even between The Trapper nnd Dervish. 
Derby. 
14 to 1 agst Oulston (t to £100) | 20 to 1 agst Bonnie Morn (t) 
Thursday. 
At first 6 to 2 was offered on the field ; 100 to 35 was then tried, 
and for a short time it succeeded. The next 11 strike " was for 100 to 
30. At last 4 to 1 was laid in ponies, fifties, and hundreds; some of 
the takers, however, being desirous of “going on 44 to a heavy amount, 
a stand was made, and tlie layers in turn fell back. Meanwhile, various 
sums wore invested on the Grand Inquisitor, at prices ranging from 500 
to 30 to 13 to 1. 10 to 1 would have been taken to some money about 
Tros, end 12 to 1 in ponies was booked quietly about Kingston. 
Great Ebor Handicap. 
4 to 1 agst Mr. Harrison’s Heapy 
(t) 
q *o 1 Lord Zetland’s Tros 
(HO) 
St. Leger. 
12 to T Mr Morris’s Kings- 
ton (t) 
to 1 Mr. 11. Robinson’s Tho 
Grand Inquisitor (t) 
13 
6 to 4 agst Lord Derby’s Dervish 
gtol- — Mr. Payne’s The 
Trapper (t) 
10 to 1 - 
12 to 1 - 
Derby. 
- Mr. Howard’s Scy 
I hian ;t) 
- Baron Rothschid’s 
King Tom ft and o) 
tion, looks well, and is a first-rate mare ; and can go a. mile 
in 2.20, were it not for one thing !” “ Well, what is it? ’ M’ns 
the query 44 That mare,” resinned the jockey, “ is in every 
wav a good piece of property. She lias a heavy mane, switch 
tail trots square and fair, and yet there is one tiling only why 
she' can’t go a mile in 2.20.” 41 What in the Old Hurry is it 
then ? ” cried the amateur impatiently. “ The distance is too 
great for the time,” M as the old M’ag’s reply. 
The Prairie on Fire.— O h, bow sublime, liow awfully 
sublime this spectacle on which we rivet our fascinated eyes, 
while our hearts leap to our throats and our lips are com- 
pressed M’itb an indescribable fear ! Now listen to these 
apparently unearthly sounds. The prairie is alive with mil- 
lions of voices, which fancy tvould give to the fiery tongues 
of this rushing monster, as the cheering Bong of his death- 
dealing advance, but which stern reality tells us are the 
frantic cries of droves aud herds of wild animals of all 
species, mad with affright, all pressing forward together, pell- 
mell, to escape one common but over-conquering enemy. 
Look yonder, there goes a stampede of buffalo ; yonder — 
another of wild horses. How they tear a-liead, with foaming 
mouths, expanded nostrils, dilated eyes, and a tread that 
makes the very earth tremble beneath them. Look closer, 
nearer how they come ; above us, beforo us, behind us, be- 
neath ’us, on all and every side, birds, beaata, reptiles, and 
insects How they dart past us now, with lolling tongues, 
and fiery eyes, half starting from their sockets, entangling 
the very legs of our horses, and causing them to rear, and 
plunge and snort, and shriek with appalling terror. Here 
*"W ,i,lCS ) Iin<1 ra kbit«, »“’• hoars, and fter- 
,4- 1 f I k,,.y 4, IV Ik |D... hug, shrieking, and h 
k*Ixc ! — The Americans c 
\n\ 
20 to 1 agst Mr. Osbaldeston’s Rifleman (2000 to 00 wanted). 
MANCHESTER.— Tuesday. 
A very thin attendance at the room this morning, the principal part 
having gone to Wolverhampton, being n favourite resort for them from 
this quarter. The only change of importance since our last being tho 
advancement of Heapy for the Ebor Handicap from 7 to 1 to 8 to 2 ; for 
the St Leger we have no change worthy of notice. 
Ebor Handicap. 
5 to 2 agst Heapy (t to £300) I 12 to 1 agst Merry Bird (t) 
9 to 1 — - Tros (t) I 10 to 1 Grand Inquisitor (t) 
St. Leger. 
5 to 1 agst Dervish (t) I 10 to 1 agst Acrobat (t) 
10 to 1 Scythian (t) 
Derby. 
10 to 1 Ogst Oulston (t) 
The Wolverhampton Stakes of 20 sovs each, 10 ft, and only 5 If declared’ 
Stc., with 100 sovs added. Various penalties. The second horse to 
save his stake. Twice round and a distance. 40 subs, 10 of whom 
declared. 
Mr. E. Parr’s Newbold, by Robert de Gorham, 3 yrs, 6st 71b 
(including 71b extra), Quinton 1 
Mr. Ryder’s Tho Vet, 6 yrs, Cat 51b Ashmall 2 
Mr. W. Palmer’s Lurloy, 3 yrs, 4st 121b Fordham £ 
Mr. T. Dawson’s Lindrick, 6 yrs, Gst 121b (carried Gst 1 31b), 
Aldcroft 1 
Mr. T. Parr’s Rataplan, 4 vrs, 9st 01b, Flatman. 
Mr. Moseley’s Bourton (li b), aged, 7st 101b, W. White. 
Mr. A. P. Jones’s Alp, aged, Cst 1011), Steggles. 
Mr. J. Osborne’s Gamelad, 3 yrs, 5st (carried 5st 21b), Bearpark. 
T. Cliff weighed for New Warrior, wboso number was placed on tho 
telegraph, but the borse did not start. 
Betting — 3 to 1, each, agst Bourton nnd Newbold; 6 to 1 agst The 
Vet; and 7 to 1, each, agst Lurlcy and Rataplan. Won by a neck 
half & length between the second and third ; a neck between third and 
fourth ; Gamelad, 6th; Rataplan, Gth; Bourton, 7tli; Alp did not 
pass the post. 
Committee Stakes of 5 sovs each, with 40 added. For 2-yr-olds. Colts, 
8st 7lb; fillies, 8st 41b. Tlie winner to be sold for 100 sovs ; allow. 
ance9 If to be sold for less. Straight half mile. 9 subs. 
Mr. Walker’s Cimicina, by Phlegou, Ost 41b, £30.. Bearpark l 
Mr. Saxon’s Evangeline, Cst 41b, £30 J. Foster 2 
Mr. G. Mather's Rose, Cst 4lb £30 T. Cliff :i 
Mr. Halford's Myrtle, by Sweatmeat, Cst 41b, £30 ..Aslunall t 
Mr. Evans's Myrtle, by Rochester, Ost 4lb, £30 .. ..Fordham 6 
Mr. E. Farr's Refuse, Cst 41b, £30 Quinton o 
The betting opened at 7 to 4 ng9t Ciinlclna, but closed as follows. ~ 
7 to 4 agst Evangeline, 6 to 2 agst Cimicina, 4 to 1 agst Hose, and 3 
to 1 agst Mr. Halford's Myrtle. Won In a canter by three length, 
two lengths between the second and third. The winner was bought in 
for 150 guineas. Evangeline was claimed by Mr. Saunders, under tho 
Newmarket rulo. 
The Ladies' Purse of 50 sovs was won at three heats by Mr. J. Arm- 
strong's ch f by Rod Deer, dam Miss Hampton, 3 yrs, 7et (Charlton), 
10 ran. 
BETTING ON THE COURSE, 
fir. Leger. 
6 to I agst King Tom I 12 to 1 agst Acrobat (t) 
6 to 1 Dervish 16 to 1 Knt. of St. George 
10 to 1 Scythian (11 to 1 1) | (t) 
Derby. 
20 to 1 agst The Cruiser (t). 
Border Chlof was struck out of tho ChllliDgton 6tukcs at 1.40 this 
(Monday) afternoon. 
Tuesday. 
The Patshutt Handicap of 10 sovs each, 5 ft, and only 3 if declared, with 
60 added. Various penalties. Mile and a half. 38 subs, 9 of whom 
declared. The highest weight accepting being 7st 101b, it was 
raised to 8st 7lb, and the others remaining in in proportion. 
Mr. T. Dawson’s Amalgamation, by The Era or William Le 
Gros, 3 yrs, Cst . . . Bates l 
Mr. IV. Palmer's Lo Julf, 4 yrs, 7st lib Kendall 2 
Mr. Wadlow’s Kitcflyer, 5 yrs, 8st (including 71b extra) 
White 3 
Mr. Blos8’s Pastrycook, 4 yrs, Cst 71b S. Steggles 4 
Air. C F. Sparrow's Master Slender, 5 yrs, 7st 61b, T. Cliffo. 
Mr. Saxon’s Calot, 4 yra, 7st 61b, Clement. 
Mr. T. Flintoft's Whalebone, 4 yrs, Cst 131b, Charlton. 
Mr. J. Ryder's Tlie Vet, 6 yrs, Cst 131b, Ashmall. 
Mr U K. Walker's Bull’s Eye, 5 yrs, Cst »lb, J. Woddingtoii. 
Mr. J. Osborne's Gamclnd, 3 yrs, Cst lib, Bearpark. 
Mr. Morris’s Caliph, 3 years. Cst 71b, Barker. 
Mr. Davies’s Minerva h b), 4 yrs, Cst 71b, Corderay. 
Betting — 2 to 1 agst the Vet, 0 to 1 agst Amalgamation, 8 to 1 
agst Calot, and 10 to 1 each agst Pastrycook a «d Caliph. Won, after a 
good race in, by half a length ; three lengths between the second ami 
third ; a length between the third and fourth ; Whalebone was fifth ; 
The Vet, Master Slender, and Gamelad next. 
The Chillington Stakes of 10 sovs each, with 50 added. For two-yr-old* 
Colts, Sst 71b; fillies, Sst 61b. Certain winners extra. T.Y.C. IS 
subs. 
Mr. J. Sanderson’s Cossey, by Melbourne, 8st 71b . .Flat man 1 
Air. Jones's Clara Clark, 8st 51b T. Cliffe 2 
Mr. Reynard’s Resistance, Sst 71b Basham .> 
Mr. J . Merry’s Florida. 8st 5lb Knott 4 
Mr. W. Halford’s Smithmoor, 8st 71b, Whiteliouse 
Mr. W. T. Copeland’s His Piper, Sst 101b (includ. 31b ext ). M»r! 
Mr Caple's filly by Pyrrhus the First, dam Olive Oil, 8st 51b, Grubo. 
Mr. Sliarratt's Sir Francis, 8st 71b, Charlton. 
Betting— 6 nnd 6 to 4 on Cossy, 6 to 1 agst any other. Won 
cleverly by a neck. A length nnd a half between tbo second and 
third ; half a length between the third and fourth. 
The Cleveland Cup of 100 sovs, in specie, by subscription of 10 son 
each, with 50 added. Three-yr-olds, Gst 10lb; four, Sst 71b; 
five, Ost 111b; six and aged, Ost 5lb. Various ponaltics and allow- 
ances. Tho owner of the second horso to receive 20 sovs out of tbo 
stakes. Twice round. 14 subs. 
Mr. Meiklam’s Peggy, by Porapey, 4 yrs, 7st 01b . . . .Alder- -It i 
Mr. T. Parr's Defiance, 4 yrs, 8st 131b Marlow S 
Mr J. Osborne's b f by Burgundy— Hopeful, 3 yrs, 6st, 
Bearpark 3 
Mr. T. Parr’s Rataplan, 4 yrs, 8st 131b Flatman * 
Betting— 2 to 1 on Rataplan, 4 to 1 agst Defiance, G to 1 agst 
Peggy. Won by half a length ; the Hopeful filly beating Hntapluu -> 
a neck for third place. 
The Borough Members' Plate of CO sovs, added to a Sweepstakes of 5 
sovs each. For all uges (two-yr-olds excepted). Optional selling 
weights, &c. One mile and a half. 
Mr. Dawson’s c by Verulam, out of Marchioness, 3 yrs, 
Ost £'30 i Bates l 
Mr J. Armstrong's f by Red Deer, out of Miss Hampton, 
8 yrs, 6st lllb, carried Sat 131b, £30 .... ... . . .ltayner 
Mr. Copeland’s The Field Marshal, 3 yra, Gst, £30 T. Cllffc 
Mr. R. K. Walker’s Bull’s Eye. 6 yra, 7st Oil., £30, Denman 4 
Betting — 7 to 4 on the Marchioness colt, 2 to 1 each agst r 
Marshal and Bull s Eye, 100 to 5 agst Red Deer filly (offered) ' 1 
by n length; two lengths between the second and third; Bull? 
beaten off. The winner was sold to Mr. Godding for 35 guineas. 
«•« SMfev 0 re .»«. w ; 
ing their fears. 
Home, hj Ham 
WOLVERHAMPTON RACES.— Monday. 
The Trial Stakes (Handicap) of 5 sovs each, with 50 added. Exl 
weight for certain winners. Ono mile. 13 8ub »- 
Mr. Thompson's Guicowar, by Oolaor, 4 yra, Cst 121b. .J. Gill 1 
Mr Saxon’s Calot, 6 yrs, 7st • • U0 S 77 
Mr. Mare’s Michaelmas Maid, 4 yra. Ost ,1b .. . oils 3 
Mr. (I. Mather’s Prime Minister. 0 yrs. 8st, w . white. 
Lord Warwick’s Grief, age«l, 7st 21b, KcndalL . , 
Mr. G. Taylor’s Lady-in- Waiting. 6 yrs, 7st 8ll> In. 61b ex., Ashmall. 
Mr. Bentley’s Magnet, 4 yrs, Gt 101b, Oliver, Jun. 
Betting — 7 to 4 on Michaelmas Maid ; 8 to 1 ugst Calot ; , to 1 agst 
Guicowar; and 8 to 1 agst any other Won by half a length two 
lengths between second nnd third ; Grief a had fourth ; Magnet fifth ; 
Lady-In-Waiting sixth ; Prime Minister several lengths behind. 
Produce Stakes of 10 sovs each, with 20 added. For 3-yr-olds. Colts, 
h.t Gib, and fillies. 8st 31b. The produce of untried horses or marc, 
allowed 31h, but only ono allowance Once round. 8 subs. 
Mr. Snxun'e Boddlcot, by Orlando. S-t Gib •• •• • • •• < K® 1 
Mr. O. Mather’s 8t. Clair, by Orlando, or The Sea^8st 8Ith # 
Mr. R IIolloway’B Falcon (late Grub), 8st 31b Quinton 8 
Betting— 2 to I on St. Clair, and I to 1 agst Bodilicot. W on by a 
neck ; two lengths between the second and tail’d. 
upwards. A winner of a handicap of £100 after the decloruti 
the weights, 51b extra ; the second liorae to save his stake. 
roLd 1 ’mile, 1 >»r, 102 J.rd., The Jlghee. w*h. 
being Cst 61b, it was raised to Sst 71b, and the rest in in prop 
Mr Saxon’s Kennysido Hero, by St. Leon, 3 yra, flat 2 lb ^ 
Mr. SraSsVs Sttgober2, 4 yra, fst'iiib • • • ■ j- wVIddlngton * 
^ViS^huiai.' 
Mr. Slieplicrdson's Liberty, aged, ^ *’ 
Mr. J. Davies’s Minerva, h b, 4 > lib, Corderay. 
Mr Bolton's Pope Joan, 3 yrs, Gst 7lb, Kendall. . , 0 
Betting- — 5 to 4 igat Kennysido Hero, 4 to 1 agst JD^bcrt , • 
1 each agst Master Slender, Liberty and Pope Joan. «"d » * ,, 
Grief. At first, 5 to 4 was laid on kennysido Hero. W on cte 
a nock ; a very bad third ; the others passed tho post in a cluste • 
BETTING ON THE COURSE. 
Great Ebor Handicap. 
6 to 2 agst Heapy (t) | 9 to 1 agst Tros. 
St. Leger. 
6 to 1 agst King Tom (t) 
Wednesday. . 
Wrottesley Stakes of 10 sovs each, with 30 added. TVo-yr- ^ 
three, 8st 121b; fillies and geldings allowed 21b W «»»•» m 
present year to carry 31b. extra. Straight half-mile. «* 
Mr. Pebble’s Pole Star, by Faugh-a-BaUagh, 2 F 15 * j-padaU 
Mr.' 'aSuver’s'llessio, 2 yra, Vet ilb (including 31b * 
Mr Merry’s Nelly Armstrong, 2 yra, Cat 121b barker 4 
Mr. Morris’s Donald. 2 yrs;, 7st .TYiiK’rtnriudiiig 3lb 
Mr. W. K. Walkers Cimicina, 2 yre, rat lib < inclu .r' f. 1(ir k 
extra) . 
