THE FIELD. 
1237 
him. AN e need not refer to his important services in con- 
nection with the reaping-machine and Usher's steam-plough, 
to both of which he devoted much of his time aud attention. 
1* miners are cautioned not to send game fowls or other 
provisions to persons profestiuy to be salesmen at the 
Metropolitan markets unless they are well informed 
of their respectability. Inquiry iu most instances will 
allow that these parties are carrying on a Bystem which 
ought to be fully exposed. 
CORRESPONDENCE. 
FARM LEASES. 
To the Editor of Tub FiHi.it. 
Sir, — Too many” of our English landlords are either poor 
or parsimonious, too many of our tenantry ignorant, narrow- 
minded, obstinate, tvioky, aud without capital ; and bctweou 
these the nation is the great sufferer. The poor landlord is 
ready for Ills rent before it is due, aud can neither afford to 
drain nor to erect necessary buildings nor even to repair 
existing ones. The parsimonious landlord, from his habit 
of mind, is backward in doing cither ; and to get anything 
out of him, except pnilClrtal applications for the rent — “ the 
whole rent, aud nothing but the rent” — is like getting an 
tipple out of a bear's mouth. Tenants generally hold under 
vmo or other of this class of landlords. Now what a 
heart-breaking position it is for an enterprising tenant to be 
so placed ; how soon a tenantry are thus made to degenerate 
into the sort to whom I have applied the epithets above ! 
The possession of land seems to me to be a perpetual 
struggle between landlord and tenant to “ do " one another, 
each trying to exact what he can. Ae long as this state of 
tilings continues, so long will this country be lialf-cultivated 
as it is at present. Difference of cultivation is the 
only thing which distinguishes a hold from a garden ; aud 
although our fields may never become gardens, fltill they 
may approach to something garden-like. But how few men, 
speaking generally, will bo found to turn a farm into a 
garden without the security of a lease. A noble family may 
get farming tenants, from long confidence, to hold farms m 
the country without a lease, and those tenants may employ 
a capital of three, four, five, or six thousand pounds, but 
not without sometimes asking themselves the question, 
*' Am I safe— I may die; suppose a change of ownership — a 
new agent, V' These thoughts will creep in, in spite of confi- 
dence in individual landlords, and are, at least, disturbing. 
Now tliis is not a natural nor a business-like state of things. 
The saino noble family shall have an estate on the banks of 
the Thames, in London, ripe for letting out on building 
leases, for m mufacturing purposes ; if upon a small lot of 
this land a tenant wishes to lay out, say only £200, in 
building a workshop or manufactory, will lie not require a 
ninety-nine years' lease i Why then should farmers rely, 
or be expected to rely, on mere yearly tenancies ? The want 
of leases, or, as it is called, “fixity of tenure," is the great 
drawback to the thorough cultivation of the land of this 
country ; and so long as business is business, so long ought 
the principles of business to be carried into farming as it is 
iuto other trading pursuits. Umbra, 
digestive organs, there was the greatest difficulty iu sustain- 
ing the strength of the patient. A very striking case of its 
efficacy occurred in the family of Professor Liebig himself. 
A young lady, who, in consequence of an inflammatory 
disease, could not take solid food, was supported exclusively 
upon this diet for two months — in fact, until sho had per* 
fectly recovered ; aud it was remarked that during this time 
she evidently increased both iu flosh aud strength. There 
could he uo doubt that a supply of this admirable strength- 
sustaining agent would be of the highest value in our hospitals 
m the East, where hundreds of our wounded aud suffering 
soldiers are lying in the last stage of exhaustion. The ex- 
tract was admirably adapted for such a purpose ; its prepar- 
ation beiug so exceedingly simplo, and not even requiring a 
fire. The disintegration of the flesh could also easily be 
effected on a large scale by a simple machine which uuy 
mechanic would easily invent and construct. The nutritivo 
fluid tor infants, to which Professor Frankland also directed 
attention, was of course iutended for those children who 
were deprived of their natural nourishment. The great 
difference between cows' milk and human milk consisted in 
the formor containing muoh more oasoiu (cheese), anil less 
sugar of milk than the latter, as might be sceu from the fol- 
lowing comparison, showing tho average per centage com- 
position of both ; — 
ilutbah milk. Cows' milk. 
THE 
FIELD AlftTURAUST. 
t'ascirt 3'o 
Butter 33 
Sugar of milk 0 5 
Ashes -5 
Water 807 
1000 
4'5 
:i 
, 40 
0 
874 
1000 
THE COUNTRY HOUSE, 
HOUSEHOLD MATTERS. 
Half-pay Pudding. — Four ounces each of flour, suet, 
cur rams, raisins, aud bread crumbs, two tablespoonfuls of 
treacle, aud half a pint of milk. Mix all well together, 
aud boil iu a mould three hours. Serve with wine or 
brandy sauce. 
To Stew Sprats. — Wash and dry the fish, aud lay them 
level in a stewpau. Between each layer put three pepper- 
corns aud as many allspice, with a few grains of salt. 
Barely cover them with vinegar, and stew one hour over a 
slow fire, but must not boil. A bay leaf or two may be 
added. 
New Food for Invalids and Infants. — At tho meeting 
of the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, held 
on tho 28tll ult., Professor Frankland directed the attention 
of tho members to a very important discovery, recently 
made by Professor Liebig, relative to a highly-nutritivo food 
for invalids, and also to some experiments of his own, which 
so far had been completely successful, on the preparation of 
a nutritive fluid for infants, having the same composition as 
human milk. Iu the preparation of a nutritive diet for in- 
valids, the great object was the production of a material 
which should contain all the constituents requisite for the 
formation of blood, and which, at the same time, should be 
capable of ai.iimilation with the least possible expeuditure of 
the vital force. Tins object had uot hitherto been accom- 
plished. Beef tea, which was the nearest approach to it, did 
not contain tho albumen of blood, and was also wanting iu 
some other constituents necessary for the formation of 
healthy blood. The new diet contained apparently all tho 
constituents requisite for the nutrition of the human body, 
and it was assimilated with the greatest ease by tho organs 
of digestion. The new diet might be described as a cold ex- 
tract of flesh, aud was prepared as follows Half a pound of 
beef, free from fat, or the same weight of fowl’s flesh, in both 
cisc3 recently killed, is chopped very lino, aud well mixed 
with oue pint of distilled water, to which four drops of 
hydrochloric acid and J-ounco of common salt have been 
added (if the Manchester pipe-water be used, six drops of 
hydrochloric acid should bo employed). After the mixture 
has stood for ouo hour it is thrown upon a fine hair sieve or 
Tho usual mode by winch it was attempted to assimilato the 
composition of Cows’ milk to that of human milk, consisted 
in diluting it with one-half its bulk of water, and adding a 
certain proportion of ciuie sugar : but the Mino.it invariable 
failure of this mixture was sufficient evidence of its non- 
fulfilment of the required conditions. The new infants' food 
was made as follows One-third of a pint of new milk is 
allowed to stand until the cream has separated; the latter is 
removed, aud, to the blue milk thus obtained, about a square 
inch of rennet is to bo added, and the milk vessel placed 
iu warm water. In about five minutes the curd will have 
separated* aud tho rennet (which may again bo repeatedly 
used) being removed, the whey is carefully poured off and 
immediately heated to boiling to prevent its becomiug sour ; 
a further quantity of curd separates aud must be removed 
by straiuiug through calico. In one quarter of a pint of 
this hot whey is to bo dissolved three-eighths of an ounce 
of milk sugar ; aud this solution, along with the cream re- 
moved from the one-third of a pint of milk, must be added 
to half a pint of uew milk. This will constitute tho food for 
au infant of from five to eight months' old, for twelve hours ; 
or more correctly speaking, it will form one-half of the 
quantity required for twenty-four hours. It is absolutely 
necessary that a fresh quantity should bo prepared every 
twelve hours, and it is scarcely necessary to add that the 
strictest cleanliness iu all the vessels used is indispensable. 
Professor Frankland stated that he was led to the prepa- 
ration of this milk by the severe illness of his infant sou, 
who, deprived of his natural nourishment, had gradually sunk 
almost to the last stage of exhaustion, owing to every 
description of food proving unsuitable for him ; but after the 
adoption of the above diet he gradually gained strength and 
flesh, and was now in vigorous health, after being fed upon 
it exclusively for two months. It would, however, be a 
great injustice to the medical skill of his colleague to attri- 
bute this result entirely to the new diet; but Professor 
Frankland bad no doubt that the medical treatment had had 
a powerful auxiliary in a diet which had proved itself so com- 
pletely suited to the wauts of the infant. It was tho desire 
that this food might be more extensively tried, and the suf- 
ferings of many families be thus perhaps relieved, which 
formed his apology for bringing such a simple matter before 
the society. 
POULTRY. _ 
Hereford Poultry Show. — This show was such a one as 
only Hereford does produce. The supply was most 
abundant, tho quality was never previously attained, 
much less surpassed, the poultry never looked more 
clean and delicately dressed, and the fair dames and 
daughters of our Herefordshire farmers never looked 
happier aud healthier, chatted more agreeably, or “ pushed" 
business more unresistingly and more satisfactorily than on 
this occasion. Uniformity aud excellence were the charac- 
teristics which struck us on Wednesday, the 20th. The 
average price of poultry was — for turkeys, Sd. per lb. ; 
geese aud ducks, from 7d. to 7Jd. ; fowls about the same. 
Among the display was a number of rarely fed turkeys, from 
151b. to 201b., many of which sold as high as lOd. per lb. 
On Saturday the attendance aud supply were even greater 
than ou tho first show day, aud the prices realised much 
higher. 
Fatting Dorkings. — To produce tho fat fowls that are 
seen in greater perfection in the London markets than else- 
where, and which are generally termed (although they are 
uot) capous, Dorkings are cooped for fatting at the age of 
three to four months in summer aud five to six iu winter, 
being fed with oatmeal, mixed with water or milk ; this 
must be given fresh three times a-day, the first meal beiug 
early in the morning ; aud. in addition, the birds should he 
supplied with whole com (either dry or boiled), gravel, clean 
A Sagacious Doo.— At the County Court Mr. Hopkins, 
of Cubley Lodge, Derbyshire, brought an action againBt A. C. 
Howard, Esq., of Breretcn Hall, Cheshire, for the recovery of 
£10, the value of a dog which he had killed. Tho plantiff 
rented a farm which the defendant had lately purchased. Ou 
the 19th September last, the dog got ldosc, and followed the 
plaintiff’s son iuto some fields, where the defendant saw him. 
Defendant fired a double-barrelled gun at the dog, and killed 
him. The dog was represented as valuable aud sagacious, and 
as an instance of its usefulness and sagacity Mr. HopkuiC 
montionod the following circumstance: — Last spring Air 
Hopkins was sitting up iu the house, having some culYing 
cows in the barn in the yard, in one of which the dog wu. 
Iu the middle of the night a noise was heard at tho door 
— scratching and barking. Ouo of the servants went to tho 
door and let iu “ Fid," who then went to its master, who was 
lying on a sofa, and jumped up to him, scratched him, aud 
pulled him in tho direction of the door, at the same timo 
making a very peculiar noise. Mr. Hopkins followed, the 
dog, and it lbd him to ono of tho cowhoust»s, ami ho tiiorb 
found tho cause of tho anxiety of poor “ Fid," two cows 
having got looso aud goring themselves iu a shocking man- 
ner. Ever since this the dog had been very much prized, 
and tho value claimed (£10. 10a.) was not its full value. His 
Honour gave a verdict for tho plaintiff for the full amount 
claimed; and contsi 
Ra‘ra Avis. — A .specimen of tho bog-bumper ( A riled 
StcUuris, Lynn.), a bird rarely seen anywhere out of its nativts 
bogs and fens, was shot last week at Westwood. 
Shoal or Porpoises in the Solway Fuitu.— The inhabi- 
tants along tho shore of Solway, near Annan waterfoot, 
where lately somewhat alarmed by an extraordinary uoi6c iu 
tho frith. On the tide ebbing, the turmoil was explained by 
a largo shoal of porpoises wluoh were stranded on the saiidfy 
One of these monsters of the deep measured twenty feet itx 
length'. Oho Ilblioriiimi nccurod eight us his share, from 
which he expects to receive oil to tlie value of £30. The 
teuant of Sea-field had thirteen, aud on attaching four 
horses to one to remove tho fish beyond flood mark they 
were not able to move it. In addition to oil the carcasses 
will furnish a large quantity of excellent manure, 
Habits of trf. Fos. — A gentleman possessed a nnmbeti 
Of flue turkeys; whieli usually roosted ou tho branches of 
Some tall fire. Reynard hud an eye to these, aud resorted to 
the following stratagem to catch thorn. He first scratched the 
ground with his fore feet, and then the hose of the tree itself, 
to draw their attention. He then ran rouud the treo in 
rapid rings. The turkeys aware of their daugor followed 
his quick movements with their eyes, aud became confused 
aud cllzzy. Two of tho birds soon fell to tho ground, and 
Were instantly killed aud borne off to the earth. 
Destructive Nature Of tub NVood-Pioeon. — A circuui- 
fltance has just occurred in the neighbourhood of Canter- 
bury which affords irrefragable proof of the destructive capa- 
bilities of the wood-pigeon. Ouo of these birds was shot last 
week, iu Clowes's wood, in the parish of St. Stephen’s, and 
upon examining its fcrop it was found to contain no less that! 
937 grains of wheat, besides 94 tares- -uulnlstakeably show- 
ing that ib had found good quarters, and had availed itself 
of the advantages afforded. Wo may probably, uoxt year, 
be iu a position to record the produce of the grain thus dis- 
covered, as Mr. Bedwell, of Bt'etou Court, has sown it dis- 
tinct from his other preps, in order to ascertain the quantity 
of corn capable of being produced from the Consumption of 
a single wood-pigeon. 
Snow Fowls. — Numerous flocks of these winter visitants 
are now seen about our shores— in some oases bo large that 
they number many thousands of birds. These snow-bunt- 
ings, as they are termed, come iu large flights to the Scottish 
coasts at this seasod of the year, ilud many of thorn fall £ 
prey to hunger and the fowling-piece. 
Sea-fowls' Eggs. — San Francisco is supplied with au 
abundance of eggs of the sea-fowl called “ murres," the 
thick-billed Guillemont of ornithology. In less than two 
months of last summer more than 600,000 of these eggs 
were sold in San Francisco, all taken from tho rookery of 
Great Farollon, au island in tho bay of San Francisco, 
where these birds swarm in myriads. The eggs are about 
threo and a-half inches long, aud are said to bo delicato 
eat ng. 
water, and a turf or green meat, the most scrupulous clean- 
piece of calico, aud tho liquid allowed to drain oil without 1 liuess as to troughs, coops, &c., being observed. By these 
pressure. The first portion of liquor is usually turbid, and means a fowl, if previously well fed, will be fat enough for 
must bo returned to tho sieve until it runs clear. When all any useful purpose iu a fortnight to three weeks ; should 
the liquor has drained off, a quarter of a pint ol pure water 
must be gently poured, in sm ill quantities at a time, upon 
tho residual iniuced flosh, and allowed to run into the liquid 
previously collected. There is iu this way obtained about 
three-quarters of a pint of tho cold extract of flesh, having a 
rod colour aud a pleasant, soup-like taste. It is to be ad- 
ministered cold to the invalid, a teacupful at a time. It 
must on no account be warmed, ns the application of even a 
very slight heat causes its decomposition and the separation 
of a solid mass of coagulated alhuuicu. This cold extract ot 
flesh was not only much more highly nutritious than ordinary 
beef tea, but also contain la certain quantity of the red 
colouring matter of blood, in which was a much larger pro- 
portion of tho iron requisite for tho formation ot blood- 
particles. Tho hydrochloric acid also greatly facilitated the 
process of digestion. Tho cold extract of flesh had boon em- 
ployed with great success both iu the hospitals and iu private 
jirnctice in Muuieh, especially iu certain stages ot typhus aud 
they be required very fat, some mutton suet, or, wlmt is 
equally good, the parings of tho loins of mutton, may be 
chopped up with the food. The unnatural process of cram- 
ming is frequently recommended, but I have never found it 
necessary. It should be borne in mind that a fowl cannot 
be kept in the greatest degree of fatness for any length of 
time, as the over-repletion soon causes internal disease. The 
houses must be dry, quiet, dark, and warm, aud the fatting 
coops carefully kept from draught, and warmly covered at 
night during cold weather. — Tojctmcier' s Profitable Poultry. 
Singular Productiveness. -Mr. John Gray, boot and 
shoemaker, in the Market-place, West Hartlepool, has a pout, 
of the Cochiu-cluna breed, which, in nine successive days, 
has laid twelve eggs, all of a tolerable size, and is now laying 
regularly every day. 
A horse lust week voluntarily left his stable, and walked 
down to a bay near Hartlepool, where ho took water aud 
MAS0M1 S INTELL IGENCE, 
MEETINGS. 
MosbAT, Jan. 1. — Qunr. Gen. Meet, of Boy* School, at eleven ; 
Robert Burn*, No. IIS, Freemasons' Tavern ; Royal Jubllie I-odgo, No. 
83, Anderton's Hotel; St. John's Lodge, No. 107, Radley's Hotel ; St. 
I.uke's Lodgo, No. ICS, Builders' Arms, RiiMcll-strcot, Chelsea ; Lodge 
of Joppa, No. 2:13, White Hart Hot I, Bisbopsgate ; Euphrates Lodg\ 
No. 257, George and Vulture; Lodge ol' Unions, No. 318, Freomasons' 
Tavern ; King's Arms Chapter, No. 30, Freemasons' Tavern. 
TctwDAY, Jan. 2. — Audit. Com. Fom. School, ot eleven; Albion 
Lodge, No. 0, Freemasons’ Tavern ; Old Dundee Lodge, No. 18, London 
Tavern; United Mariners' Lodgo, No. 33, Chequer's Arms. Providence- 
road, Finsbury ; United iAtdgo of Prevalence, No. 98, Albion Tavern, 
Aldersgatc-strect ; Temple Lodge, No. 1 IK, Ship and Turtle; Old Con- 
cord Lodge. No. 201, Freemasons' Tavern; Lodge of Stability, No. 284, 
George and Vulture; Lodge La Tolerance, No. 784, Freemasons’ 
Tavern; St. John's Chapter, No. 196, Radley's Hotel. 
Tui'Bsoay, Jan. I. — Egyptian Lodge, No. 29, George and Blue Hoar; 
Strong Man Lodge, No. 53, Falcon Tavern, Fetter-lane ; Lodgo of Good 
Report, No. 158, Radley's Hotel; Lion and I.ainb I«odge, No. 227, 
George and Vulture; St. Andrew’s Lodge, No. 281, Freemasons' 
Tavern; Yarborough Lodge, No. 812, George Tavern, Commercial- 
road East. 
Fiuday, Jan. 6. — Fidelity Chapter, No. 3. London Tavern. 
Sati’roay, Jan. 6. — Com. Boys' School, at four; London Lodge, No 
120, Freemasons' Tavern; St. Thomas's Lodge. No. 166, ditto. 
Cholera, iu which, owing to the absence of all energy iu the amused himself with a salt-w ater swim ueurly two hours, 
Globe Lodge, No. 23. — This excellent lodge resumed it* 
m isonio avocations on Thursday week, at the Freemasons' 
Tavern, tho W.M. Br. Hewlett presiding, in his usual able 
manner. Bre. Morris mid Barnett wore raised to the su- 
blime degree of a master mason, mid Br. W. Adams was 
passed to the second degree. The other business mutter 
ooimistcd of the election of W.M., treasurer, at <1 tyler, fos 
tho ensuing year, Br. Humphreys, the present S.W., heinjf 
unanimously called upon to till the chair. Br. Bennett wrm 
re-elected treasurer, mul Br. Crawley elected tyler (vice Br. 
Dalton, deceased). Tho lodgo business concluded, tho 
brethren adjourned to a most recherche banquet. The usual 
loyal aud masonic toasts being disposed of, the master pro- 
posed tho health of tho visitors, Bre. Lea, 169, Coggiu, 77S 
(one of the respected proprietors of the tavern), and Morbey, 
169, who returned thank* for tho same. The W.il.'s health 
