6 
Psyche 
[March 
These wounds were inflicted by some creature crawling on 
the surface of the leaf and not by a mining insect, such 
as the larvae of some moths and saw flies which tunnel 
through mesophyll. 
This author has seen nothing suggestive of the activity 
of leaf mining insects on fossil leaves. The “galleries” 
referred to appear to be products of preservation as they 
consist of low ridges of uniform width which run across 
the leaves irrespective of the veins and the midribs. 
Galls 
Traumatic plant growths comparable to Recent galls are 
uncommon on the remains of plants from Tertiary. Fossil 
galls have been figured from the Wilcox deposits of Ten- 
nessee by Berry (1916, p. 33, pi. 56, fig. 2, and pi. Ill, 
fig. 1), mentioned by Collins (1925, p. 406) and again by 
Berry (1931, p. 301). Scudder (1886, p. 98) mentions 
cynipid galls from the Oligocene deposits of Florissant, 
Colorado and a gall was figured, discussed and named by 
Cockerell (1908, p. 66, pi. 5, fig. 7) and Brues (1910, p. 14, 
fig. 7). The Oligocene galls were later discussed by Kinsey 
(1919, p. 44-49) and he states that they are synonyms and 
definitely are not cynipid galls. Miocene galls from Douglas 
County, Washington, have been described by Hoffman 
(1932, p. 341-342, fig. 1) and compared to Recent cynipid 
and itonid galls. Brues (1946, p. 171) mentions that galls 
have been observed on Cretaceous leaves but does not 
document his statement. 
The leaf of Cupanites formosus illustrated on plate 1, 
fig. 3 from Puryear, Tennessee, has many malformations 
between the veins and veinlets which closely resemble Recent 
simple pouch galls. The individual irregular pouches aver- 
age about 1 mm. in diameter and vary from about one- 
half to twice this size. The individual pouches are simple 
invaginations from the ventral side of the leaf. Similar 
Recent homeomorphic abnormalities are commonly pro- 
duced on leaves by gall mites (Eriophyidae) , aphids 
(Aphidae) , jumping plant lice (Chermidae=Psyllidae) and 
several other types of lowly arthropods. Crinkling of leaves 
which bears some resemblance to the malformations on 
the fossil leaf are sometimes produced by fungal infections. 
