118 
Psyche 
[September 
Forel, det. W. M. Wheeler) ; Lake Sevan, Armenian S. S. 
R. (F. Arnoldi leg.; var. clarior Ruzsky, det. Arnoldi and 
B. Finzi) ; neighborhood of Kiev (W. Karawajew leg.; 
“var. clara” Karawajew, ms?) ; “Ussurigebiet”, Soviet 
Maritime Territory (var. orientalis Ruzsky, det. Karawa- 
jew) ; Kedzovajapadj, near Vladivostok (N. Kusnezov leg.; 
var. clarior Ruzsky, det. Kusnezov). 
Formica subnuda Emery (figs. 3, 5, 8) 
Formica sanguinea rubicunda var. subnuda Emery, 1895, 
Zool. Jahrb. Syst., 8: 335; worker. Type locality: 
Yale, British Columbia. 
Formica sanguinea subnuda, Wheeler, 1913, Bull. Mus. 
Comp. Zool. Harv., 53: 409. Creighton, 1950, Bull. 
Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv., 104: 469. 
Formica emeryi Wheeler, 1913, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 
Harv., 53: 419; worker, queen. Type locality: Broad- 
moor, Colorado Springs, Colo. New Synonymy. 
This is the most boreal and widespread of the North 
American members of the sanguinea group. Its affinity 
to the Palaearctic sanguinea is evidenced by the form of 
the petiolar scale, pilosity, body coloration, and degree of 
intranidal size variation, as well as its similar ethological 
characteristics. The characters which separate the two 
species have already been presented in the section on san- 
guinea, above. F. subnuda, like F. sanguinea, is only 
facultatively a slave-maker. Even when taken, the slaves 
frequently form only a small percentage of the nest popula- 
tion, (Wheeler, “Ants,” p. 454; Creighton, 1950, p. 469). 
A single worker and three queens from the emeryi 
type series that we have examined conform to subnuda 
in critical pilosity characters. Other differences advanced 
by past authors as diagnostic for emeryi have proven to 
be worthless. To avoid future confusion these are discussed 
in some detail below. 
(1) Emeryi has been distinguished from subnuda (by 
Creighton) on the contention that in the largest workers 
the eyes extend to the margin of the head seen in full 
