19 * 55 ] 
Wilson and Broivn — Formica 
127 
differs from neogagates in its much lighter color and denser 
and longer body pilosity. 
Formica manni Wheeler 
Formica manni Wheeler, 1913, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 
Harv., 53 : 420-421 ; worker, queen. Type locality : 
Kiona, Washington. 
Formica oregonensis Cole, 1938, Amer. Midi. Nat., 20: 
368-369; worker. Type locality: Pendleton, Oregon. 
New Synonymy. 
Four paratypes of oregonensis in the Museum of Com- 
partive Zoology are identical to the type series of manni 
in nearly all characters studied. Only the two characters 
treated below seem worthy of further discussion. 
(1) Creighton (1950) states that the largest workers 
of oregonensis exceed the largest of manni in size. How- 
ever, the M. C. Z. oregonensis paratypes show a head width 
range of 1.05-1.27 mm, while the M. C. Z. manni type 
series ranges 0.97-1.29 mm. There is no indication of a 
significant mean difference between these two samples. 
(2) The alitrunk and head of the oregonensis types 
are dark brown, while those of the manni types are clear 
yellowish red. This difference apparently reflects geo- 
graphic variation, i. e., a tendency to darken southward. 
Series from Wenatchee and Wapato, Wash. (Mann) are 
similar to the manni types in coloration. Series from 
Ellensburg, Wash. (Mann), Twin Falls, Ida. (Cole), and 
Hammett, Ida. (E. O. Wilson) exhibit varying degrees of 
intermediate infuscation. A single queen from Owens Lake, 
Calif. (H. F. Wickham) has a slightly darker altitrunk 
than the manni gynetype, but an even lighter head. 
The extreme coloration of the oregonensis types may 
be a consequence, either genetic or ecophenotypic, of the 
unusual environment in which they were collected. Cole 
found them on an herb in an alpine meadow above timber- 
line. The Washington manni (Wheeler, 1913) and the 
series from Hammett were taken under radically dif- 
ferent conditions at low elevations in desert habitats. 
