INTRODUCTION. 
81 
by the contortions and annular contractions of the 
animal, while the band is too loosely girt to form 
My material hinderance to its being slipped down- 
wards to the tail, where it is ultimately thrown otf 
altogether. 
When the chrysalis is first disclosed it is soft and 
tender, and covered with a viscid transparent liquor, 
through which many portions of the future butterfly 
may be pretty distinctly discerned. As this liquor 
dries, it acquires the consistency of an opaque mem- 
brane, which envelopes all the parts, binding them 
more firmly together, and forming a protection from 
the weather. It so closely encases the different 
limbs and organs, that the disposition of many of 
them can be traced by the ridges and other promi- 
nences they form on the surface. This will be seen 
by the accompanying figures of the chrysalis of the 
larger Tortoise-shell Butterfly ( V. polycliloros ), 
which may likewise serve to exemplify the general 
appearance of the diurnal Lepidoptera in their pupa 
state. Plate II. fig. 6, represents the natural size of 
the chrysalis, which is one of those distinguished by 
a kind of mask, in which some authors have had the 
ingenuity to discover a striking resemblance to the 
human countenance. Fig. 7, a magnified view of 
its under side: a, a, the wing-cases (Ptero-theca, 
Kirby); be, be, the antennae; tie, the trunk or 
sucker ; two trigonal pieces, forming the eye- 
cases. In consequence of their being so completely 
enclosed by this rigid integument, Linne termed these 
