274 BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE [Oct.-Dec. 
and we have employed as many as 27,725 men at the peak, the average being 
16,000. For the first 6 months of the current fiscal year an additional $4,660,564 
of emergency relief funds has been provided. We have been able to step ahead 
by years the control and eradication of barberry, white-pine blister rust, citrus 
canker, phony peach, Dutch elm disease, pink bollworm, gypsy moth, and other 
features of control and eradication work. 
One of the really important jobs under way at this time is the eradication 
of the Dutch elm disease which was first found in this country in 1930. Since 
that time in the inspection from the ground and by autogiro of millions of elm 
trees in the United States, there have been found to June 26, 1937, 22,898 trees 
in which the disease was confirmed. Of this number only 86 were found outside 
the main infected area in the vicinity of New York ; namely, 33 at Cleveland, 
Ohio, 33 at Indianapolis, Ind., 1 at Cincinnati, Ohio, 1 at Cumberland, Md,, 3 at 
Brunswick, Md.. 2 at Baltimore, Md., 4 at Norfolk, Va., 1 at Portsmouth, Va., 
1 at Guilford, Conn., 1 at Branford, Conn., and 6 at Old Lyme, Conn. In elim- 
inating dead or dying trees in order to prevent building up of infestation by 
the beetle which carries the disease, 3,323,339 elm trees in a dead or dying 
condition from one cause or another have been removed. In this work up to 
June 30, 1937, $8,336,875 of emergency money and $672,312 regular money has 
been expended. For the first 6 months of the present fiscal year, an additional 
$1,724,040 of emergency relief funds has been provided, and $460,860 of regular 
funds has been appropriated for the current fiscal year. If permitted to continue 
in this work on the scale which its importance justifies, it is believed there 
is every reason to look forward to complete extermination of the disease in this 
country. Definite progress has been made and all the information we are able 
to obtain in this country and abroad indicates that the program we are pursuing 
is the only one which promises to be successful, and it does promise to be 
successful. 
Of importance to the nurserymen everywhere is the Japanese beetle situation, 
and during the past season building up of infestation outside the quarantine 
area was not sufficiently important to warrant the extension in any marked 
degree of the quarantine area. Inevitably, unless something comes into the pic- 
ture which we are not aware of, the Japanese beetle will ultimately spread to 
all those parts of the United States where it would find suitable environment. 
The job of enforcing the quarantine on account of the Japanese beetle is becom- 
ing more and more difiicult and more and more complicated with an increasing 
number of people and industries affected. It is believed there is still justifica- 
tion for maintaining a Federal quarantine but sooner or later it would seem that 
the point would be reached where, by reason of large area or number of sepa- 
rate infestations, the Federal quarantine would no longer be warranted. This 
and other conditions having a bearing on the interstate movement of plant prod- 
ucts bring forcibly to our attention the need and importance of bringing about 
a standardization and uniformity in inspection methods and quarantine activi- 
ties of the States and of the Federal Government. That plant quarantines are 
necessary as a protection to uninfested and uninfected areas against major 
plant pests which are not established therein is generally recognized. The fact 
that quarantine action has been taken presupposes that a dangerous plant dis- 
ease or insect pest is involved, the spread of which should be prevented ; how- 
ever the effectiveness of such quarantines depends on both enforcement and com- 
pliance. Enforcement rests with the officials while compliance is a function of 
the person moving the plants. In thfe enforcement of Federal quarantines we 
have assisted by supplementing the inspection forces in the control areas with 
transit inspection maintained at the more important transfer terminals for the 
purpose of intercepting shipments moving by freight, express, and mail in 
violation of quarantines. States also have at their disposal means for enforcing 
State quarantines although they are usually somewhat limited. In a number 
of States enforcement of quarantines is entirely inadequate due to lack of man 
power and other facilities. The effectiveness of quarantines in preventing the 
spread of dangerous plant pests under such conditions must depend pretty 
largely, if not entirely, on the compliance of the shippers and common carriers. 
As a whole, such people appreciate the value of pest control and are anxious to 
comply with quarantines but in many instances are not able to fully comply 
because of the numerous State quarantines now in existence which are compli- 
cated and involved as to procedure and subject matter covered in such quaran- 
tines. Do you know that there are now in existence over 200 separate and dis- 
tinct State plant quarantines covering 52 plant pests? These include 32 State 
quarantines covering the subject of corn borer alone, no two of which are alike. 
