BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY AND PLANT QUARANTINE 55 
Table 16. — Progress in barberry eradication during the fiscal year 1936 
Proper- 
ties 
cleared of 
bushes 
Barberry 
bushes 
destroyed 
Territory 
sur- 
veyed 
Security-wage earners 
Propor- 
tion of 
State 
Maxi- 
mum 
employed 
Employment 
all per- 
sonnel 
taken 
from 
relief 
Number 
103 
703 
345 
588 
976 
576 
38 
104 
29 
1,150 
26 
779 

Number 
1, 368, 272 
7,070 
13, 123 
17, 439 
105, 541 
11,756 
641 
338 
3,590 
228, 232 
854 
40, 775 
8 
Square 
miles 
688 
4,980 
5,220 
5,100 
8,822 
2,714 
99 
4,546 
282 
6,038 
1,298 
5,469 
572 
Number 
120 
303 
207 
294 
478 
331 
63 
190 
96 
359 
52 
383 
22 
Man-hours 
108, 471. 00 
230, 747. 50 
159, 814. 50 
211, 149. 25 
249, 374. 25 
324, 026. 08 
26, 787. 50 
120, 683. 25 
43, 575. 75 
305, 184. 00 
25, 391. 00 
331, 419. 50 
9, 330. 00 
Percent 
94.0 
93.5 
Indiana 
92.0 
92.0 
97.0 
95.0 
93.5 
92.8 
North Dakota 
92.8 
Ohio 
94.6 
South Dakota. 
90.4 
Wiscons in 
92.4 
Wyoming 
91.9 
Total 
5,417 
1, 797, 639 
45, 828 
2,898 
2, 145, 953. 58 
Missouri l 
529 
1,553 
593 
378 
7,297 
917, 878 
23, 784, 570 
6, 609, 250 
2,758 
1,064 
260 
106 
198 
310 
465 
346 
118,303.00 
160, 858. 25 
211,962.75 
185, 777. 00 
94.0 
Pennsylvania 1 . 
95.3 
Virginia 1 .. . 
94.2 
West Virginia i 
97.0 
Total i „ 
3,053 
31, 318, 995 
4,188 
1,319 
676, 901. 00 
Grand total 
8,470 
33,116,634 50.016 
4,217 
2, 822, 854. 58 
1 Results in these 4 States are shown separately in order that information relating to the original control, 
area may be compared with previous reports. 
RUST SURVEYS 
Losses from stem rust in 1935 were greater than during any year since 1916. 
Stem rust overwintered rather extensively in certain parts of Texas during the 
winter of 1934-35. In the spring many of the barberries remaining within the 
control areas became badly rusted. Owing to excessive rainfall in the northern 
part of Texas during May, grain was late and stands were heavy, with the 
result that an unusually large amount of rust developed on winter wheat and 
later spread to Kansas and Nebraska. During the latter part of June strong 
winds followed by several weeks of warm, moist weather, ideal for the develop- 
ment of rust, resulted in an epidemic of the disease which extended from Texas 
northward to the Canadian border. The greatest damage occurred in parts 
of Kansas and Nebraska and in eastern South Dakota, western Minnesota, and 
North Dakota. 
Losses to wheat from stem rust in the 17 States of the control area in 1935, 
as determined from weighing and carefully studying samples of grain collected 
during the course of rust surveys, amounted to approximately 102,054.000 bushels. 
Barley was damaged to the extent of 8,909,000 bushels/ and losses to oats 
amounted to 3,523,000 bushels. 
Extensive observations were made on the movement of rust from south to 
north as the season advanced. Spore traps were exposed at 31 stations 
throughout the Mississippi Valley. Approximately 000 slides were examined 
microscopically in order to determine when and where the principal movement 
of spores occurred. After the epidemic was well under way date in July) it 
was found that urediospores of stem rust were being deposited in many localities 
at the rate of a million per square foot during a 24-hour period. The problem 
of obtaining as accurate an estimate as possible of the damage caused by the 
disease during the latter part of the season was complicated by the fact that 
extremely hot weather also contributed materially to the shriveling of the 
grain. 
There is evidence that the epidemic of m*C> which extended over northern 
Kansas. Nebraska, the DakOtas, Minnesota, and the eastern parts of Colorado, 
Wyoming, and Montana developed primarily as a result ,,f wind-blown inoculum 
