-20- 
Table 1«- A ttompasison batwaan tha numbar of sparm in tha sparmathaoa 
of naturally mated queans and artificially inseminatad quaans 
inseminated as indicated* 
Treatment 
Number of 
queans 
Number of sperms in 
spermatheoa (millions) 
Average 
Range 
Coefficient 
of variation 
Artificial insemination: 
Semen from one drone 
17 
0,87 
0»22 - 2,24 
51 
Semen from many drones 
(2.5 mm.5) 
Once 
Twice 
Three times 
Four times 
11 
2*97 
9 
4.11 
10 
4.85 
11 
5.52 
1*28 - 4*41 
2.05 - 5»65 
3»71 - 5,80 
4.66 - 6.79 
35 
29 
16 
10 
Natural mating 
35 
5,73 
3.34 - 7.35 
18 
THE ABSOLUTE CONTROL OF PARENTAGE 
The purpose of artificial insemination is tha control of parantaga, 
and the virgin queens and drones used are reared from eggs laid by selected 
breeder queens which are already mated. The virgins are reared from fertil- 
ized eggs and inherit from both the breeder queen and the drona with which 
she mated, whereas the drones develop from unfertilized eggs and inherit 
only from the breeder queen. These are the desired breeding individuals, 
but occasionally other types of individuals appear in the hive, with 
which they might be confused. These types are (l) drones emd queans 
reared from unfertilized aggs of laying workers and (2) quaans reared 
from the unfertilized eggs of the breeder queen. Only tha drones are a 
serious menace to pure mating, but all types will be discussed because 
they must be considered in the interpretation of genetic experiments. 
The number of of f«typa drones and queens depends largely upon the 
number of laying workers in the hive which varies considerably with race, 
season, and hive conditions. Queenlessness for any length of time will 
cause some woricers to start laying, and they may continue to lay after 
the colony has been made queen right. Laying workers are apparently mora 
common in early spring, when the hive is populated mainly with old, ovar^ 
wintered bees. %ey are very oommon among the Cape bees of South Africa 
(Jack 1) , but in the bees of the United States and tha European races 
they are relatively rare. 
Under conditions where they could be positively identified, 13 off- 
type drones were found to emerge among about 5000 drones of the right type 
reared in a full-sized colony, v^ioh is at the rate of 0*26 par cant* Drones 
have been reared under controlled conditions for a number of saasonPyand 
although the percentage of off-type drones has usually not been determined 
by actual count, it is estimated not to have exceeded 0.26 par cent. Often 
