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The Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station (318) in 1938 issued a 
spraying program for the control of insects and diseases attacking fruit 
crops. Under Ohio conditions the following materials were not recommended 
for use in the orchard against the codling moth: Natural cryolite, syn- 
thetic cryolite, barium fluosilicate; pyrethrum, derris or rotenone, and 
phenothiazine; and summer oils were not recommended unless fortified with 
lead arsenate or nicotine. 
Roark ( 557 ) in 1938 reviewed the comparative action of derris and cube 
of equal rotenone content on many insects. Reference was made to reports 
by Haegele and Childs ( 457 , 439 ) issued by the United States Department of 
Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, who tested derris- 
kaolin and cube-kaolin mixtures of equal strength (1 percent rotenone) on 
larvae. Neither material appeared to have much effectiveness in control. 
Although both resulted in fewer stings, there v/ere more worms per 100 
apples than when lead arsenate 'was used. 
Webster ( 476 ) in 1938 discussed substitutes for lead arsenate and 
stated that rotenone, because it breaks down quickly in sunlight, has not 
been of much value. 
Agicide DC-4 (rotenone 0.6 percent) at the rate of 4 pounds per 100 
gallons of water (0,003 percent rotenone in spray) killed from 50 to 100 
percent within 96 hours. — Agicide Laboratories (8) in 1939. 
Siegler ( 370 ) in 1940 reported laboratory studies of various sugars 
and other materials as possible larval attractants for use in increasing 
the effectiveness of lead arsenate and other stomach poisons. Of the 
several compounds reported on, brown sugar, because of its availability 
and low cost, appears to offer greatest promise as a larval attractant. 
The addition of brown sugar to lead arsenate, calcium arsenate, nicotine 
bentonite, and phenothiazine considerably increased the toxicity of these 
insecticides under laboratory conditions. In combination with paris green 
it decreased the percentage of injury. With pyrethrum, however, brown 
sugar was not notably effective as an attractant and with derris it had no 
value. It was thought that in a large measure derris and pyrethrum might 
have killed the larvae by contact. The derris (5 percent rotenone) used 
at the rate of 4 pounds per 100 gallons gave 48,5 percent of clean apples, 
when tested by the apple-plug method. The addition of brown sugar at the 
rate of 16 pounds per 100 gallons to this spray gave 47.9 percent of clean 
apples. 
The United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology 
and Plant Quarantine ( 447 ), in 1939 reported that at Kearneysville, W. Va. , 
cube was tested in two orchards. A proprietary cube mixture (4 percent 
rotenone) at 2 pounds per 100 gallons wag used in the 7- to 10-day 
schedule but proved ineffective, the number of worms per 100 apples rang- 
ing from 49 to 81. 
